PEA is endogenously produced on-demand in all tissues, as a protective response to injury, inflammation and pain. [ 27, 37, 124]. When pain is protracted, however, PEA ‘exhaustion’ may develop. Chronic inflammatory conditions create lower levels of PEA [ 37, 124]. The exogenous administration of PEA may in such cases serve to replenish levels of endogenous PEA, restoring its protective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Interestingly, a recent report presented the case of an individual with hypoalgesia resulting from an inability to degrade PEA and the analogous fatty acid amides [ 126]. More recent animal studies have confirmed PEA’s antiallergic actions, which include down-regulation of MC recruitment and degranulation. PEA’s protective effects are mediated by its cellular targets, including the direct activation of PPAR- α and GPR55 receptors and the indirect activation of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and TRPV1 channels [ 46]. In one study conducted on canine skin mast cells, PEA (in doses ranging from 10-8 M to 10-5 M) induced a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of PGD 2, TNF-α and histamine release [ 41]. In Ascaris hypersensitive beagle dogs, a single oral dose of um-PEA (at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced allergic wheal reactions in skin [ 47]. Treatment with PEA also showed improvement of clinical signs in cats with eosinophilic granuloma [ 48]. Another study showed that treatment with PEA was effective in the improvement of skin lesions and pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis and moderate pruritus [ 49]. In mice sensitized with aerosolized ovalbumin, bronchial levels of PEA were reduced, while CB2 and GPR55 were up-regulated [ 46]. Leukocyte infiltration and pulmonary inflammation were significantly inhibited by 10 mg/kg PEA supplementation prior to sensitization. Furthermore, pulmonary mast cell recruitment and degranulation, and leukotriene C 4 production were also significantly inhibited, demonstrating a depletion/repletion scenario. Peas will thrive in a polytunnel environment. As nitrogen fixers, they can also play an important role in maintaining and improving the soil in your growing areas and in crop rotation schemes. Consider where peas should go based on a crop rotation system, and on what other plants will be grown in the vicinity. Tips For Supporting Pea Plants To our knowledge, only one study has compared the absorption of different forms of PEA. This study compared the bioavailability of 300 mg of PEA using LipiSperse ® delivery technology against 300 mg of non-micronized PEA, and used a parallel, double-blinded trial design. While the AUC was significant in both groups, LipiSperse ®-enhanced PEA achieved plasma PEA levels 1.75 times higher than those achieved with non-micronized PEA [ 207]. Both formulations showed twin plasma peaks at 90 and 180 min for LipiSperse ®-enhanced PEA; and 70 and 120 min for non-micronized PEA. This pattern has been recorded elsewhere, and indicates enterohepatic recycling. The Lipisperse ®-PEA treated group showed earlier first peaks (105 min vs. 125 min) and this, together with the superior AUC data, suggests that the Lipisperse ® delivery technology will provide faster onset and a more sustained effect than other forms of PEA.

Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health

Now, strengthen the sides of the tunnel, and give your sweet peas plenty of horizontal supports to climb. Take a flexible willow branch and carefully weave it horizontally through all the uprights, about 8 inches from the ground. If it doesn’t reach all the way to the end of the tunnel, continue with a new willow branch, tying in any loose ends as you go. Repeat just above the first lateral, but weave in the alternate pattern to create a strong bond. Weave in another branch so you have three lateral rows, and then repeat this procedure on the other side of the tunnel. Weave in two further groups of lateral sections at about 16-inch intervals on each side so that the tunnel is strong and secure. Rate-limiting factors for absorption include dissolution rate and the aqueous barrier of the gastrointestinal lumen, and are influenced by PEA’s lipophilicity and particle size [ 62]. Once absorbed, PEA is rapidly metabolized and excreted [ 23]. It has a relatively short half-life; levels of PEA in human plasma return to baseline within two hours of ingestion [ 104]. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid modulator in animals and humans, and has been evaluated since the 1970s as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug in more than 30 clinical trials, in a total of ~6,000 patients. PEA is currently available worldwide as a nutraceutical in different formulations, with and without excipients. Here we describe the results of all clinical trials evaluating PEA's efficacy and safety in nerve compression syndromes: sciatic pain and pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome, and review preclinical evidence in nerve impingement models. Both the pharmacological studies as well as the clinical trials supported PEA's action as an analgesic compound. In total, eight clinical trials have been published in such entrapment syndromes, and 1,366 patients have been included in these trials. PEA proved to be effective and safe in nerve compression syndromes. In one pivotal, double blind, placebo controlled trial in 636 sciatic pain patients, the number needed to treat to reach 50% pain reduction compared to baseline was 1.5 after 3 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, no drug interactions or troublesome side effects have been described so far. Physicians are not always aware of PEA as a relevant and safe alternative to opioids and co-analgesics in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Especially since the often prescribed co-analgesic pregabaline has been proven to be ineffective in sciatic pain in a double blind enrichment trial, PEA should be considered as a new and safe treatment option for nerve compression syndromes.There is some recent clinical evidence of anxiolysis. An acute dose of PEA (1.2 g/day) used together with citalopram was shown to improve the symptoms of severe depression [ 28]. A recent double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study assessing enhanced bioavailability PEA in osteoarthritis patients found that it reduced stress and anxiety in patients along with knee pain [ 29]. In one study of carpal tunnel syndrome, which is associated with emotional distress [ 205], 1200 mg of ultra-micronized PEA during pre- and post-surgery periods significantly improved the sleep–wake rhythm and overall quality of sleep [ 34].

Pea Tunnel Instruction Manual - Garden Gear Online Pea Tunnel Instruction Manual - Garden Gear Online

The increased absorption and bioavailability provided by LipiSperse ® leads to higher active concentration of PEA, enabling lower dosages in nutraceutical formulations compared to non-micronized PEA [ 207]. The cold-water dispersibility also allows PEA to be incorporated into a broader range of delivery formats (i.e., effervescent tablets, powders and gels).Then in two or three horizontal layers, arranged evenly up from the ground level, gather all the side twigs of a branch, into a bundle in your hands (one level at a time) and twist and bind them in to a band, moving round from one upright to the next. Bind their twisty ends securely (you can finish tying them off with Flexi-tie or string). PEA protects against bacterial infection via innate immune modulation involving MCs, macrophages and microglia. Prophylactic PEA at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight prolonged survival rate and reduced neuro-inflammation in an aged murine bacterial meningitis model, in the absence of antibiotics [ 42]. In the early phase of infection, the PEA pre-treated mice showed lower bacterial titers in spleen, liver and blood than controls. PEA pre-treatment also increased the survival rate and bacterial clearance of immunocompetent young mice challenged with E. coli [ 42]. Other pre-clinical studies have similarly shown PEA’s ability to increase resistance to systemic bacterial infections [ 43, 44]. Domenguez et al randomly divided 85 patients suffering from lumbosciatic pain in to two groups, usual care and PEA 300 mg twice daily or usual care. 44 The usual care group without PEA had a significant pain reduction of 2.69 compared to baseline ( P>0.05), and the PEA group had a pain reduction of 3.85 compared to baseline ( P>0.05). No side effects were reported.

sweet pea climbing frames and systems - Sarah Raven sweet pea climbing frames and systems - Sarah Raven

The only exception to the strength of scent rule is Lathyrus chloranthus. It’s acid-green with small flowers and is slower to germinate and grow than most, and it has no scent – not a trace – but I love it for its looks alone. If you float the flowers with just a tiny section of stem in a shallow bowl, the green looks wonderful in contrast to any colour and, surprisingly, sweet peas last better used like this than they do in a vase. Assini et al investigated the effect of 1,200 mg PEA/day in diabetic patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (n=25) and compared the effect with a control group (n=25). 45 Results: significant difference in reduction of pain at endpoint between treatment with PEA and control group ( P<0.0001). All neurophysiological parameters improved. No side effects were reported. NAEs such as PEA are known to modulate peripheral and central processes of the GBA [ 84]. PEA’s anti-inflammatory action via PPAR- α in the gut epithelium has the potential to prevent neuroinflammatory responses by maintaining integrity of the gut barrier [ 22]. In a murine model of colitis, PEA attenuated inflammation and intestinal permeability and stimulated colonic cell proliferation in a PPAR- α- and CB2-dependent manner [ 22]. Other murine models of IBD found that higher levels of PEA levels were associated with less severe colonic inflammation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and immune infiltration [ 82].In a third double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study [ 166], a daily dose of 350 mg high-bioavailability PEA (containing NLT 315 mg PEA) was assessed for efficacy in 80 individuals experiencing general joint pain. A visual analogue scale was used to self-assess joint pain in the morning and evening. The active group experienced a significant reduction in joint pain after 14 days compared to placebo. Joint pain was significantly reduced as early as 3 days. Interestingly PEA was shown to increase hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in an established murine model of autism [ 33], and prevented the decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in a murine model of cerebral ischemia [ 56]. It also promotes the maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells [ 115]. Such nootropic effects may play a part in PEA’s cognitive-enhancing capacities. This further strengthens the potential use of PEA as a brain health-enhancing compound. For every 3 feet of tunnel, you’ll need approximately 40 willow rods that are about 9 feet long. Use “brown” willow branches, which are branches that were cut and then allowed to thoroughly dry until dead. If you use branches that are green and alive, they may root. If the tunnel will be for children, the rods can be a little shorter. Once you have the necessary amount of willow rods for your project, soak them all in water to make them more pliable.

Grow a Sweet Pea Garden Arch | Empress of Dirt Grow a Sweet Pea Garden Arch | Empress of Dirt

PPAR alpha; analgesics; anti-inflammatory agents; nerve compression; palmidrol; palmitoylethanolamide; sciatic. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by transient ultrastructural myofibrillar disruption, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), swelling, reduced range of motion, activation of innate immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells [ 177] and markers associated with muscle damage such as myoglobin, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, or an amalgamation of these [ 178]. Although the activation of muscle stem cells leads to a physiological remodeling [ 177], in the short term, significant amounts of myoglobin and lactate leaking into the circulation disrupt muscle cells [ 179] and impair exercise performance [ 180]. PEA’s application to an exercising population and potential for muscle recovery is not well understood. To date, only one clinical trial has assessed the impact of PEA on recovery from muscle-damaging exercise [ 31]. This study found that the group consuming 176.5 mg of a high-bioavailability form of PEA (containing NLT 158 mg PEA) in liquid form had significantly lower myoglobin and blood lactate levels than the placebo group. These shifts signify reduced muscle damage and increased aerobic energy metabolism, respectively, findings associated with enhanced recovery and the ability to maintain higher exercise intensities for longer. Pre/post evaluation was done with the VAS and RDQ between baseline and day 21, using the analysis of variance according to the intention-to-treat last observation carried forward method. The Scheffé test was used for the multiple comparisons between groups, and the chi-squared test was used to analyze the subjective evaluation, considering P<0.05 as statistically significant.When I was giving a talk at a Perch Hill open day, I showed a slide of my current favourite sweet pea, the very fresh pink, ‘ Painted Lady’. Afterwards a woman came up to me and said, "Your ‘Painted Lady’ flowers look nice and big. Mine are always rather small. What can I do to improve them?" But of course my lovely pink sweet peas only looked big because they were projected onto a wall six feet tall. Musculoskeletal pain makes a significant contribution to the global burden of disease [ 147]. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading form of joint pain and disability worldwide and may cause acute, recurring or chronic pain [ 148]. Although more prevalent in older adults, younger individuals are also susceptible [ 149, 150]. Before you sow seeds or place your pea seedlings in your chosen location in your polytunnel, it is important to get your support structure in place. Peas can be supported using netting, mesh, or – the cheapest solution – a series of branched twigs to which your peas can cling. Protecting Pea Plants The vicious circle of inflammation and increasing pain can be halted by PEA, as has been shown in different animal models. PEA belongs to an entire new class of analgesic products, devoid of addiction potential, without central nervous system side effects, and without clear dose limiting side effects up to a dose of at least 100 mg/kg body weight. 37 Drug interactions have so far not been documented, and its use has been described together with a number of different analgesics. Wei M, Mo SL, Nabar NR, et al. Modification of Rat Model of Sciatica Induced by Lumber Disc Herniation and the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Osthole Given by Epidural Catheterization. Pharmacology. 2012;90(5–6):251–263.