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Crystallization Examples

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Lauritzen JI, Hoffman JD (1960) Theory of formation of polymer crystals with folded chains in dilute solution. J Res Natl Bur Stand Sect A Phys Chem 64(1):73–102. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.064A.007Zhang YF, Li D, Chen QJ (2017) Preparation and nucleation effects of nucleating agent hexahydrophthalic acid metal salts for isotactic polypropylene. Colloid Polym Sci 295(10):1973–1982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-017-4176-8

Hamad FG, Colby RH, Milner ST (2015) Lifetime of flow-induced precursors in isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 48(19):7286–7299. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01408Kaminsky W (1998) Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. J Chem Soc, Dalton Trans 9:1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1039/A800056E Turnbull D, Fisher JC (1949) Rate of nucleation in condensed systems. J Chem Phys 17(1):71–73. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1747055 Hoffman JD, Frolen LJ, Ross GS et al (1975) Growth-rate of spherulites and axialites from melt in polyethylene fractions—regime-1 and regime-2 crystallization. J Res Nat Bur Stan Sect A Phys Chem 79(6):671–699. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.079A.026

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Galeski A (1994) Nucleation in polypropylene. In: J. Karger-Kocsis (ed) Polypropylene: structures, properties and blends. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 25–49 Thomann R, Semke H, Maier RD et al (2001) Influence of stereoirregularities on the formation of the gamma-phase in isotactic polypropene. Polymer 42(10):4597–4603. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00675-3 Rastogi S, La Camera D, van der Burgt F et al (2001) Polymorphism in syndiotactic polypropylene: thermodynamic stable regions for form I and form II in pressure-temperature phase diagram. Macromolecules 34(22):7730–7736. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0109119 The proposed procedure does not include a detailed design, in which not only the average particle size and purity have to be assured, but also the size distribution, the particle shape and degree of agglomeration, among other features that are specific to each application. In those circumstances, a detailed design procedure has to be followed that is based on a model for the industrial crystallizer that takes into account a number of compartments and the crystallization kinetics for the system of interest, followed by model validation in a pilot unit. Uses of Crystallization The main use of crystallization in the organic chemistry laboratory is for purification of impure solids: either reagents that have degraded over time, or impure solid products from a chemical reaction.