Balasimha D, Daniel EV, Bhat PG (1991) Influence of environmental factors on photosynthesis in cocoa trees. Agric For Meteorol 55(1–2):15–21. doi: 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90019-M Cocoa production is likely to be affected in various ways by the expected effects of global warming. Specific concerns have been raised concerning its future as a cash crop in West Africa, the current centre of global cocoa production. If temperatures continue to rise, West Africa could simply become unfit to grow the beans. [78] [79] The International Center for Tropical Agriculture warned in a paper published in 2013 that Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, the world's two top cocoa growers, will experience a decline in suitable areas for cocoa production as global temperatures rise by up to 2°C by 2050. [80] Flavonoids, flavan-3-ols, and their oligomeric derivatives, procyanidins, have a variety of beneficial physiologic actions. Flavonoids have a number of properties that may contribute to their cardioprotective effects, including antioxidant and antiplatelet activity, immunoregulatory properties, and beneficial effects on the endothelium ( 42). The epicatechin content of cocoa is primarily responsible for its favorable impact on vascular endothelium, which is the result of both acute and chronic upregulation of nitric oxide production ( 222, 277). The combined catechin/epicatechin content in chocolate is 460–610mg/kg ( 150). Epicatechins improve vascular function, reduce BP, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce platelet activity ( 42). Epicatechin in cocoa quenches OH· 100 times more effectively than mannitol, a typical OH· scavenger ( 239). Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer (30 September 2010). "Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana" (PDF). Tulane University. p.26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012. About ICCO". www.icco.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 . Retrieved 13 October 2020.

In addition to causing vasodilation, NO also prevents leukocyte adhesion and migration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and platelet adhesion and aggregation ( 80). Nitric oxide and other endothelium-derived factors are important for the control of vascular biology, not only in the peripheral but also in the cerebral circulation ( 81). Deficiency of NO favors the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and atherosclerosis ( 31, 80). Pure epicatechin ingestion has been shown to acutely reduce the plasma levels of endothelin-1 in healthy men ( 144). The 2010 documentary The Dark Side of Chocolate revealed that children smuggled from Mali to the Ivory Coast were forced to earn income for their parents, while others were sold as slaves for €230. Mentha canadensis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022 . Retrieved 14 December 2022. Ling AH (1984) Cocoa nutrition and manuring on inland soils in Peninsular Malaysia. Planter 60:12–24Objective-C adds Smalltalk-style objects and dynamic dispatch to C. However, it is a strict superset, so C code is directly callable. The various GUI components rely on the dynamic, reflective nature of Objective-C so cannot directly call C code. However, the whole toolkit is built around the model-view-controller paradigm. It is quite feasible to design your view in Interface Builder, write a thin shim of a controller in Objective-C that does little more than call appropriate C functions and write your model entirely in C. C code can call Objective-C code, so you can wrap as many of the system objects as you want. The News on Chocolate is Bittersweet: No Progress on Child Labor, but Fair Trade Chocolate is on the Rise" (PDF). Global Exchange. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010. Payany, Estérelle (2019). Ferrandi, Chocolate: Recipes and techniques from the Ferrandi school of culinary arts. Groupe Flammarion. p.18. ISBN 9782081506794. particularly tannic and has a more astringent and bitter taste than other varieties Criollo Chocolate: Efficient Food of the Gods". MetaEfficient. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2008. C hocolate is best known as an indulgent confection, but historically it has also been consumed for its purported healing properties ( 60). Foods and beverages made from beans from the Theobroma cacao tree (cocoa, cacao) have been consumed by humans since at least as early as 460 AD ( 224). The medicinal uses of cacao or chocolate either as a primary remedy or as a vehicle to deliver other medicines originated in Mesoamerica, where it was consumed by indigenous peoples, and diffused to Europe in the mid-1500s. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, well over 100 uses for cacao or chocolate, as a medical treatment, have been documented ( 60). Among these, three applications are most common: (i) to induce weight gain in emaciated patients; (ii) to stimulate the nervous system; and (iii) to improve digestion and elimination ( 60).

Urbanski, John (27 May 2008). "Cocoa: From Bean to Bar". Food Product Design. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Verlière G (1965) Un essai d’engrais sur cacaoyers en Côte d’Ivoire. Relations entre les rendements et les teneurs des feuilles en azote, phosphore, potassium, calcium et magnésium. Paper presented at the conference international research agronomists Cacao, Abidjan So this i pretty much a 'yes' to your second bullet point. Also relevant is that although Objective-C springs from C, Apple have made C++ fully callable (search for Objective-C++), so that's also an option. History of cocoa (translated)". National Association of Exporters and Industrialists of Cacao of Ecuador. 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018. Cocoa contains various phytochemicals, such as flavanols (including epicatechin), procyanidins, and other flavonoids. A systematic review presented moderate evidence that the use of flavanol-rich chocolate and cocoa products causes a small (2 mmHg) blood pressure lowering effect in healthy adults—mostly in the short term. [97]Fabricant, Florence (12 January 2011). "Rare Cacao Beans Discovered in Peru". The New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2017. The pests and diseases to which cacao is subject, along with climate change, mean that new varieties will be needed to respond to these challenges. Breeders rely on the genetic diversity conserved in field genebanks to create new varieties, because cacao has recalcitrant seeds that cannot be stored in a conventional genebank. [24] In an effort to improve the diversity available to breeders, and ensure the future of the field genebanks, experts have drawn up A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources, as the Foundation for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy. [25] The strategy has been adopted by the cacao producers and their clients, and seeks to improve the characterization of cacao diversity, the sustainability and diversity of the cacao collections, the usefulness of the collections, and to ease access to better information about the conserved material. Some natural areas of cacao diversity are protected by various forms of conservation, for example national parks. However, a recent study of genetic diversity and predicted climates [14] suggests that many of those protected areas will no longer be suitable for cacao by 2050. It also identifies an area around Iquitos in Peru that will remain suitable for cacao and that is home to considerable genetic diversity, and recommends that this area be considered for protection. Other projects, such as the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, aim to combat cacao diseases and preserve genetic diversity. Treating with an alkali produces Dutch process cocoa, which is less acidic, darker, and more mellow in flavor than untreated cocoa. Regular (non-alkalized) cocoa is acidic, so when cocoa is treated with an alkaline ingredient, generally potassium carbonate, the pH increases. [95] This process can be done at various stages during manufacturing, including during nib treatment, liquor treatment, or press cake treatment. Bastide P, Paulin D, Lachenaud P (2007) Durabilité de la production dans une cacaoyère industrielle. Influence de la mortalité des cacaoyers sur la production. Tropicultura 26(1):33–38

Dienhart, John M. (1997). "The Mayan Languages – A Comparative Vocabulary" (PDF). Odense University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 February 2007. Ryan D, Bright GA, Somarriba E (2009) Damage and yield change in cocoa crops due to harvesting of timber shade trees in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Agrofor Syst 77:97–106 Verlière G (1970) Influence de l’humidité du sol sur le développement du cacaoyer. Café, Cacao Thé 14(4):265–274

In 2020, world production of cocoa beans was 5.8 million tonnes, led by Ivory Coast with 38% of the total. Secondary producers were Ghana and Indonesia (each with about 14%). [56] Cocoa trading [ edit ] Silva LFd, Carvalho Filho R (1969) Classes de solos para cacau na Bahia. Brazil paper presented at the 3rd international cocoa research conference, Accra (Ghana) Motamayor, J. C.; Risterucci, A. M.; Lopez, P. A.; Ortiz, C. F.; Moreno, A.; Lanaud, C. (2002). "Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas". Heredity. 89 (5): 380–386. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156. PMID 12399997. McNeil, Cameron, ed. (2006). Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2953-8. Santana MBM, Cabala P (1982) Dynamics of nitrogen in a shaded cacao plantation. Plant Soil 67:271–281

Pacheco RG, Almeida AAF, Sodré GA, Chepote RE, Araújo QR, Marrocos PCL (2005) Dry matter production and efficiency of phosphorus uptake by cacao clones after eight months of age. Paper presented at the XXX Brazilian Congress of Soil Science, Recifew (Brazil) Santana MBM, Cabala-Rosand FP, De O Morais FI (1971) Effects of increasing levels of lime on some soils of cocoa growing region of Bahia. Revista Theobroma 1:17–28Balasimha D, Rajagopal V, Daniel EV, Nair RV, Bhagavan S (1988) Comparative drought tolerance of cacao accessions. Trop Agric 65:271–274