Callen, Herbert B (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics. John Wiley and Sons. You agree not to utilize any software to catalogue or otherwise distribute data collected by EntropiaLife without the expressed permission of its owners. Vega-Martínez, Cristian; Azua-Bustos, Armando (2013). "The potential for detecting 'life as we don't know it' by fractal complexity analysis". International Journal of Astrobiology. 12 (4): 314–320. Bibcode: 2013IJAsB..12..314A. doi: 10.1017/S1473550413000177. hdl: 10533/131814. ISSN 1475-3006. S2CID 122793675. Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

La Cerra, P. (2003). The First Law of Psychology is the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Energetic Evolutionary Model of the Mind and the Generation of Human Psychological Phenomena, Human Nature Review 3: 440–447. a b Wright, S.E.; Rosen, M.A.; Scott, D.S.; Haddow, J.B. (January 2002). "The exergy flux of radiative heat transfer with an arbitrary spectrum". Exergy. 2 (2): 69–77. doi: 10.1016/s1164-0235(01)00041-3. ISSN 1164-0235.Second law analysis is valuable in scientific and engineering analysis in that it provides a number of benefits over energy analysis alone, including the basis for determining energy quality (or exergy content [18] [19] [20]), understanding fundamental physical phenomena, improving performance evaluation and optimization, or in furthering our understanding of living systems. S = {\displaystyle S=} entropy d Q = {\displaystyle dQ=} a differential amount of heat passed into a thermodynamic system τ = {\displaystyle \tau =} absolute temperature

In 1984, Brooks and Wiley introduced the concept of species entropy as a measure of the sum of entropy reduction within species populations in relation to free energy in the environment. [32] Brooks-Wiley entropy looks at three categories of entropy changes: information, cohesion and metabolism. Information entropy here measures the efficiency of the genetic information in recording all the potential combinations of heredity which are present. Cohesion entropy looks at the sexual linkages within a population. Metabolic entropy is the familiar chemical entropy used to compare the population to its ecosystem. The sum of these three is a measure of nonequilibrium entropy that drives evolution at the population level.Wolchover, Natalie (28 January 2014). "A New Physics Theory of Life". Scientific American . Retrieved 11 December 2014. Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy. [1] [2] Brooks, DR; Wiley, EO (1984). "Evolution as an entropic phenomenon". In Pollard, JW (ed.). Evolutionary Theory: Paths to the Future. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp.141–171. ISBN 978-0471900269. Old Entropedia style added , you can choose it by going to Accounts , and choosing "Old Entropedia" in Styles Schneider, Eric D.; Sagan, Dorion (2005). Into the Cool: Energy Flow Thermodynamics and Life. Chicago, United States: The University of Chicago Press. p.15.

Everything physical being subject to the law of conservation of energy, it follows that no physiological action can take place except with expenditure of energy derived from food; also, that an animal performing mechanical work must from the same quantity of food generate less heat than one abstaining from exertion, the difference being precisely the heat equivalent of that of work. [4] :p. 270 Negative entropy [ edit ] Fixed Maps & Locations bug , that not allowed to add polygons , now all work how it was intended to. a b Michaelian, Karo (2009). "Thermodynamic Origin of Life". Earth System Dynamics. 2 (1): 37–51. arXiv: 0907.0042. Bibcode: 2011ESD.....2...37M. doi: 10.5194/esd-2-37-2011. S2CID 14574109.The common justification for this argument, for example, according to renowned chemical engineer Kenneth Denbigh in his 1955 book The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, is that "living organisms are open to their environment and can build up at the expense of foodstuffs which they take in and degrade." Reimported Estates,Roars, LA Markers, Recources, Mobs, Mission Brokers, Mision Locations, Revival Points, Outposts, POI and Teleports To Maps&Locations section (8825 objects.) However, entropy is well defined much more broadly based on the probabilities of a system's states, whether or not the system is a dynamic one (for which equilibrium could be relevant). Even in those physical systems where equilibrium could be relevant, (1) living systems cannot persist in isolation, and (2) the second principle of thermodynamics does not require that free energy be transformed into entropy along the shortest path: living organisms absorb energy from sunlight or from energy-rich chemical compounds and finally return part of such energy to the environment as entropy (generally in the form of heat and low free-energy compounds such as water and carbon dioxide). Shannon, CW (1948). "A mathematical theory of communication". The Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 379–423. doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x. a b McCulloch, Richard Sears (1876). Treatise on the mechanical theory of heat and its applications to the steam-engine, etc. New York: D. Van Nostrand.

Higgs, P. G., & Pudritz, R. E. (2009). "A thermodynamic basis for prebiotic amino acid synthesis and the nature of the first genetic code" Accepted for publication in Astrobiology When we reflect how generally physical phenomena are connected with thermal changes and relations, it at once becomes obvious that there are few, if any, branches of natural science which are not more or less dependent upon the great truths under consideration. Nor should it, therefore, be a matter of surprise that already, in the short space of time, not yet one generation, elapsed since the mechanical theory of heat has been freely adopted, whole branches of physical science have been revolutionized by it. [4] :p. 267 Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America. Kaila, V. R.; Annila, A. (8 November 2008). "Natural selection for least action". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 464 (2099): 3055–3070. Bibcode: 2008RSPSA.464.3055K. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2008.0178.

Moroz, Adam (2012). The Common Extremalities in Biology and Physics. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-385187-1. As another example, consider the refrigeration of water in a warm environment. Due to refrigeration, heat is extracted or forced to flow from the water. As a result, the temperature and entropy of the water decreases, and the system moves further away from uniformity with its warm surroundings. The important point is that refrigeration not only requires a source of work, it requires designed equipment, as well as pre-coded or direct operational intelligence or instructions to achieve the desired refrigeration effect. Schrödinger, Erwin (1944). What is Life – the Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42708-1. A contribution to this line of study, and an attempt to solve those conceptual limits, has been given by the Belgian scientist Ilya Prigogine throughout all his research, that lead him also to win the Nobel prize in 1977. One of his major contributions was the concept of dissipative system, which describes the thermodynamics of open systems in non-equilibrium states.