The degree of adhesion to skin (≈1.5 kPa) was higher than those of common silicones (Ecoflex, PDMS, and Solaris). Yeo etal. reported the adoption of spray‐on‐bandage as adhesive substrate for metal thin film electrodes, as illustrated in Figure 6a. [

With the microstructure design, the epidermal electronic system achieved effective elastic moduli of ≈140 kPa, bending stiffness of <1 nN m −1. Besides, the stress‐strain curve of loading and unloading showed a purely elastic response when the loading strain reached 30%, at which point the maximum principal strain was less than ≈0.2% in the metal film. A new type of self‐similar structure was proposed by Norton etal. [ Do not use liquid gels. Use medium-viscosity gels for 21 channels, and high-viscosity gels for 32 or more channels.where Z max and Z min are the maximum and minimum mean impedance values for the 100Hz–1MHz range, respectively. The changes in impedance of all the electrode–conductive gel combinations were compared with a one-way ANOVA. X. A. Walter, J. Greenman, B. Taylor and I. A. Ieropoulos, Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass, Algal Res., 2015, 11, 103–107 CrossRef .

Electrospinning has been widely adopted to fabricate metallic nanomaterials‐based stretchable electrodes as it provides a versatile process to create functional nanofiber layer to support the conductive nanomaterials. Miyamoto etal. made a substrate‐free electrode with high conductivity and stretchability by synthesizing the ultrathin Au/PVA nanomesh layer (Figure 4b). [ et al., Characterization of a microalga Chlorella sp. well adapted to highly concentrated municipal wastewater for nutrient removal and biodiesel production, Bioresour. Technol., 2011, 102, 5138–5144 CrossRef CAS . In the aforementioned screen-printed sensors, carbon or gold is often employed as a working electrode, silver or carbon as a counter electrode, and silver/silver chloride as a reference electrode, mainly on an insulating plastic or ceramic substrate. Conventional screen-printed sensors, however, present issues with respect to the electrode materials that have to be determined in advance, and the material of the working electrode, which is particularly limited to carbon and silver as they can be converted into ink.

Introduction

The elimination of electrode gel also enhances wearable comfort and reduce the risk of skin irritation. Through integration with power and wireless communication modules to form standalone systems, emerging on‐skin electrodes exhibit remarkable features in mobile and wearable applications for personalized healthcare and HMI. [ et al., Living electrodes: tissue engineering the neural interface, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Annu. Conf., 2013, 2013, 6957–6960 Search PubMed . Polarization curves were recorded using the set-up shown in Fig. S2b (ESI †). In this set-up, a reservoir made of silicone was placed on the device to accurately hold 1 mL of the solution in place.

G. Martinelli, M. C. Carotta, M. Ferroni, Y. Sadaoka and E. Traversa, Sens. Actuators, B, 1999, 55, 99, DOI: 10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00054-4.

How to Read a Titer Report

etc., which are scalable with relatively low costs. However, bulk metals typically have very low breakage strain and large modulus. [ Liquid-junction ink was prepared by combining 1 g Triton X, 8 g isophorone, and 1 g PVdF in a stainless-steel container, and stirring the mixture at 80 °C for 12 h. Subsequently, 2 g silica gel was added, and mixed together to form an ink using a stirrer/defoamer. The liquid-junction ink was printed as the final layer of the reference electrode and dried at 180 °C for 30 min. H. Ochiai, H. Shibata, Y. Sawa and T. Katoh, ‘Living electrode’ as a long-lived photoconverter for biophotolysis of water, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1980, 77, 2442–2444 CrossRef CAS .