World annual cocaine consumption, as of 2000, stood at around 600 tonnes, with the United States consuming around 300t, 50% of the total, Europe about 150t, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150t or 25%. [216] It is estimated that 1.5 million people in the United States used cocaine in 2010, down from 2.4 million in 2006. [12] Conversely, cocaine use appears to be increasing [ when?] in Europe with the highest prevalences in Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Ireland. [12] DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017. Baigent M (2003). "Physical complications of substance abuse: what the psychiatrist needs to know". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 16 (3): 291–296. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200305000-00004. Bonkovsky HL, Mehta S (February 2001). "Hepatitis C: a review and update". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 44 (2): 159–182. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2001.109311. PMID 11174373. Czykanski M (30 December 2015). "Cocaine Metabolites in Hair". Chemistry Views . Retrieved 22 July 2019.

The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH-dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species. [142] These plant species all contain two types of the reductase enzymes, tropinone reductase I and tropinone reductase II. TRI produces tropine and TRII produces pseudotropine. Due to differing kinetic and pH/activity characteristics of the enzymes and by the 25-fold higher activity of TRI over TRII, the majority of the tropinone reduction is from TRI to form tropine. [143] Reduction of tropinone GMO synthesis Research Ambre J, Ruo TI, Nelson J, Belknap S (November 1988). "Urinary excretion of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester in humans". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 12 (6): 301–6. doi: 10.1093/jat/12.6.301. PMID 3244269.Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH (1989). "Cocaine dependence". Annual Review of Medicine. 40: 149–61. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.40.020189.001053. PMID 2658744. Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease. [99] Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious. [13] [25]

Popularization Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hip flask of the coca-treated Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a Vatican gold medal to Angelo Mariani. [170] Most forms of powdered cocaine are designed for snorting. The one exception is pink cocaine. 2C-B is incredibly painful to snort. It is not designed to be taken that way. Types Of Cocaine That Are Injected

Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [94] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. [11] This may result in full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations. [11]

R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 9th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, California, 2011, pp. 390–394.

Thank You

Robins RJ, Abraham TE, Parr AJ, Eagles J, Walton NJ (1997). "The Biosynthesis of Tropane Alkaloids in Datura stramonium: The Identity of the Intermediates between N-Methylpyrrolinium Salt and Tropinone". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (45): 10929–10934. doi: 10.1021/ja964461p. You may have strong cravings for the drug and the high it brings. But the more you use cocaine, the more your brain will adapt to it. You’ll need a stronger dose to feel the same high. This can lead to a dangerous addiction or overdose.