Hanelt, P., ed. (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (1sted.), Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1

Verma, Ranjit Singh; Middha, Deepak (2010), "Analysis of Saffron (Crocus sativus L. Stigma) Components by LC–MS–MS", Chromatographia, 71: 117–123, doi: 10.1365/S10337-009-1398-Z Saffron ( / ˈ s æ f r ə n, - r ɒ n/) [1] is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the "saffron crocus". The vivid crimson stigma and styles, called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food. Although some doubts remain on its origin, [2] it is believed that saffron originated in Iran. [3] However, Greece [2] and Mesopotamia [3] have also been suggested as the possible region of origin of this plant. Saffron crocus slowly propagated throughout much of Eurasia and was later brought to parts of North Africa, North America, and Oceania. In late Ptolemaic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths so that lovemaking would be more pleasurable. [96] Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments. [97] Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levantine cities as Sidon and Tyre in Lebanon. [98] Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium. [99] Western Europe [ edit ] Preserved "Safran", Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany Kafi, M.; Koocheki, A.; Rashed, M. H.; Nassiri, M., eds. (2006), Saffron (Crocus sativus ) Production and Processing (1sted.), Science Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57808-427-2Abdullaev, F. I. (2002), "Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.)", Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.227, no.1, pp.20–5, doi: 10.1177/153537020222700104, PMID 11788779, S2CID 40798771, archived from the original on 3 December 2008 , retrieved 11 September 2011

Pratt, A. (1855). The Flowering Plants of Great Britain. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p.180 . Retrieved 18 May 2016. Conditum Paradoxum – Würzwein"[Conditum Paradoxum – Spiced Wine] (in German). Translated by Maier, R. 1991 . Retrieved 3 February 2012. Saffron contains some 28 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds, dominated by ketones and aldehydes. [36] Its main aroma-active compounds are safranal – the main compound responsible for saffron aroma – 4-ketoisophorone, and dihydrooxophorone. [35] [36] Saffron also contains nonvolatile phytochemicals, [37] including the carotenoids zeaxanthin, lycopene, various α- and β- carotenes, as well as crocetin and its glycoside crocein, which are the most biologically active components. [35] [38] Because crocetin is smaller and more water-soluble than the other carotenoids, it is more rapidly absorbed. [38] that is, or may reasonably be considered to be, defamatory, libellous, hateful, racially or religiously biased or offensive, unlawfully threatening or unlawfully harassing to any individual, partnership or corporation; Guijarro-Díez, Miguel; Castro-Puyana, María; Crego, Antonio Luis; Marina, María Luisa (1 January 2017). "Detection of saffron adulteration with gardenia extracts through the determination of geniposide by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 55: 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.004.Dalby, A. (2002), Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices (1sted.), University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-23674-5 Vlahova, Veselka (2022). "SAFFRON (CROCUS SATIVUS) AS AN ALTERNATIVE CROP IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS. A REVIEW" (PDF). Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development. 22 (2): 778 . Retrieved 22 September 2022. a b Fierberg, Emma. "Why saffron is the world's most expensive spice". Business Insider . Retrieved 12 January 2020.

In recent years, saffron adulterated with the colouring extract of gardenia fruits has been detected in the European market. This form of fraud is difficult to detect due to the presence of flavonoids and crocines in the gardenia-extracts similar to those naturally occurring in saffron. Detection methods have been developed by using HPLC and mass spectrometry to determine the presence of geniposide, a compound present in the fruits of gardenia, but not in saffron. [51] Types [ edit ] Rezvani-Moghaddam, Parviz (1 January 2020), Koocheki, Alireza; Khajeh-Hosseini, Mohammad (eds.), "Chapter 8. Ecophysiology of saffron", Saffron, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Woodhead Publishing, pp.119–137, ISBN 978-0-12-818638-1 , retrieved 22 February 2023 Saffron". etymonline.com ( Online Etymology Dictionary), Douglas Harper. 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016. It breaks my heart but as with the other Byredo fragrances, the durability and sillage is unfortunately just bad. A working day he does not survive and is after a very short time unfortunately only skin perceptible. In short, as he is also perceptible on the skin. Hayes, A. W. (2001), Principles and Methods of Toxicology (4thed.), Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-1-56032-814-8

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I am not a perfume expert and share here only my opinion on fragrances that I own myself and thus have tested over time. If you do not come clear Schatzis to be called read another review

Basker, D; Negbi, M (1983). "Uses of saffron". Journal of Economic Botany. 37 (2): 228–236. doi: 10.1007/BF02858789. JSTOR 4254486. S2CID 40880131. a b c d e Dhar, Manoj K; Sharma, Munish; Bhat, Archana; Chrungoo, Nikhil K; Kaul, Sanjana (28 March 2017). "Functional genomics of apocarotenoids in saffron: insights from chemistry, molecular biology and therapeutic applications (Review)". Briefings in Functional Genomics. 16 (6): 336–347. doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elx003. ISSN 2041-2649. PMID 28369196. Dharmananda, S. (2005), "Saffron: An Anti-Depressant Herb", Institute for Traditional Medicine, archived from the original on 26 September 2006 , retrieved 10 January 2006 use of the content you supply does not violate these Terms of Use and will not cause injury to any person or entity.Mousavi, S. Z.; Bathaie, S. Z. (2011). "Historical uses of saffron: Identifying potential new avenues for modern research". Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 1 (2): 27–66. Main article: Crocus sativus Description [ edit ] Crocus flowers which yield red saffron stigmas Corms The plants fare poorly in shady conditions; they grow best in full sunlight. Fields that slope towards the sunlight are optimal (i.e., south-sloping in the Northern Hemisphere). Planting is mostly done in June in the Northern Hemisphere, where corms are lodged 7–15cm (3–6in) deep; its roots, stems, and leaves can develop between October and February. [18] Planting depth and corm spacing, in concert with climate, are critical factors in determining yields. Mother corms planted deeper yield higher-quality saffron, though they form fewer flower buds and daughter corms. Italian growers optimise thread yield by planting 15cm (6in) deep and in rows 2–3cm ( 3⁄ 4– 1 + 1⁄ 4in) apart; depths of 8–10cm (3–4in) optimise flower and corm production. Greek, Moroccan, and Spanish growers employ distinct depths and spacings that suit their locales.