Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 A British brass light 12-pounder cannon on its carriage, 1750s. This was the largest type of gun brought by the army that marched towards Fort Duquesne. (Reproduction. Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo) A column of about 500 men under Captain Aubry heads toward the hills, edging the Monongahela River. European war 15–16 Forbes’ campaign (1758) Aubry’s raid 60–68, 62–63, 66–67 Forbes’ army 4, 18, 25–34 Grant’s raid 4, 49–59, 50–51, 52, 53, 54–55, 59, 70, 73 Lt. Corbière’s patrol 68–69 routes to Fort Duquesne 24, 35–40, 42 strength of Fort Duquesne garrison 42–43, 46–48 see also Indian nations; strategy Forbes, Gen John 4, 23, 24, 32, 74 on artillery 27–28 on Aubry’s raid 68

Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 usually tended to have blue or green uniforms for their infantry units rather than red, although there were exceptions. Although the Pennsylvania Quaker population was still demographically important and politically powerful, waves of settlers of other beliefs and origin had also put down roots and prospered in the province. These settlers were not as pacifist as the Quakers and clamored to have some military organization. At the behest of Benjamin Franklin and other prominent men, volunteer armed associations had been formed in the 1740s and, with warfare erupting on the western frontier in the 1750s, concerned citizens pressured their legislature to provide some military aid. At length, compromises were found and provincial troops were allowed to be raised and funded. The Pennsylvania contingent for 1758 was quite large by colonial standards and consisted of three numbered battalions forming the Pennsylvania Provincial Regiment. However, the regiment had no central command and actually operated as three separate and distinct units. The 1st Pennsylvania Battalion was commanded by Colonel John Armstrong, a frontiersman who, two years earlier, had led a daring and successful raid on George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland 15, 20 Grant, Maj James 4, 49–59, 50–51, 52, 53, 54–55, 59, 70, 73 Great Britain 5, 5, 14–15, 20–21 see also Anglo-American forces; British American colonies Great Peace of Montreal (1701) 8 For his part, General Lévis, secondin-command in Canada, consigned the following account of Grant’s defeat Before leaving Carillon [Ticonderoga], we learned during the last days of Regimental color of the 77th Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Bouquet, c.1755. He was the senior officer after General Forbes in his army during the 1758 campaign. (Print from an unsigned portrait. Author’s photo) Examples of the specialised scenarios in the expansion are Massacre, a scenario about a raiding force killing civilians. Raid, a scenario about destroying buildings. Capture, a scenario about capturing buildings. Exploration, a scenario about tagging the table edge and retreating. Battle, the basic kill points scenario.Ligonier, John 65 Loudon, John Campbell, Earl of 18–19, 18, 20, 21, 23 Louisbourg 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22 see also Isle Royale Louisbourg, battle of (1758) 4, 35 Louisiana 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 46, 72, 76 Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John St. Clair, quartermastergeneral of Forbes’ army in 1758. He is wearing the uniform of the 60th Regiment: a scarlet coat with dark blue lapels and small collar tab, and silver buttons. (Print from a miniature by J.S. Copley. Author’s photo) GRANT’S RAID ON FORT DUQUESNE SEPTEMBER 14, 1758 Undetected during its approach, the Anglo-American force announced its presence by setting fire to an outlying building and signaling the advance with pipes and drums. In the fort, the alarm was raised and, within minutes, the defenders assembled. A force under Captain Aubry headed along the bank of the Monongahela, towards the hills occupied by Grant’s force, while Commandant Lignery remained with some 200 men at the fort. Once he reached the hills, Aubry’s force turned into the woods and fell upon Grant’s flank. Meanwhile, Indian allies, most of whom appear to have been camped across the Allegheny, had been also alerted and entered the fight in increasing numbers. The Anglo-American advance slowed then stopped as it was overwhelmed by expert woodsmen in an environment for which it was unprepared. Soon, panic set in and the Anglo-American force broke, with many who could not swim attempting to cross the Monongahela and Grant himself being captured. The raid was an absolute and costly fiasco. Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 Americans surveying land beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains toward the Ohio Valley in the late 1740s. Indians look on, wondering what is going on and sometimes reporting these activities to the French. Print after JOB in the 1914 Washington: Man of

Origins Skirmish in Hampshire County, West Virginia, Spring 1756. In the early part of the war, the French, Canadians, and their allied Indians prevailed on the frontier. However, the Colonial Americans did have the occasional success against these raiders. In the spring of 1756, Virginia Militia Captain Jeremiah Smith of Albemarle County arrived in Hampshire County, Virginia, then on the western edge of settlement and today part of West Virginia. He was just in time: “...a party of about 50 Indians, with a French captain at their head, crossed the Allegheny Mountains... Capt. Smith raised a party of twenty brave men, marched to meet this...foe, and fell in with them at the head of the Capon River, when a fierce and bloody battle was fought. Smith killed the captain with his own hand; five other Indians have fallen...they gave way and fled.” Episodes such as this were repeated scores of times in the frontier counties Montour, the “Enemy’s strength both as to Indians, French and Canadians and the present situation of their fort be infinitely stronger than any thing I ever could have imagined… [Croghan and Montour] sending me positive accounts that their numbers exceed greatly 4000, in and about the Fort…” By October 8, Croghan was still insisting that there were about 4,000 enemies, but Forbes now informed Abercromby that “This I cannot believe” and now thought that “their whole force are not more than 1200 men which is in their fort…” A week later, on October 15, Forbes wrote to Bouquet informing him that the Ohio Indians had told the participants at the meeting going on in Easton at the time that “the French will have in those parts near four thousand men French, Canadians, & Indians. That they have provisions in plenty as yet; That the Canadians are not at all in the Fort but that they as well as the western Indians were scattered about in the Indian villages where they help the inhabitants to build huts & houses and were ready at a Call” (Forbes: pp. 217, 227, 230). Thus plagued with obviously dubious information, General Forbes was rightly suspicious about American intelligence services. On the French side, everyone knew in Fort Duquesne that major reinforcements amounting to thousands of troops would not be coming to the Ohio Valley to face a large Anglo-American army. The defense resources of New France were already stretched to the limit and its few thousands of regular soldiers could be concentrated on only one front. In the summer of

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Speaking of missions my absolute favourite thing about Muskets and Tomahawks (and if you’ve read my comments on OTT I do mention this a lot) are the Side Plots. Every game should have side plots, 40K, AoS, Flames of War, Bolt Action, Monopoly all of them need some good side plots. militiamen listed in the muster rolls. Some of these were occasionally called upon for guard duties and in emergencies. No accurate figure is known as to how many mustered, but it is certain that their numbers dwarfed the New France militiamen called on duty because of the huge difference in population in favor of the American colonies. By then the French had only about 7,000 regulars to defend Canada and Louisbourg. Origins Colonel George Washington, Virginia Regiment. Although this 19th-century painting shows the regiment’s officer’s coat buttons and lace as being of gold, they were actually silver. (Unknown artist. Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania) Strategic map of the conquest of Canada, 1758–60; Lord Loudoun’s grand strategic plan was carried out over three years. In 1758 two of the year’s three objectives fell: Fortress Louisbourg in July and Fort Duquesne in November. They were repulsed at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga), but took it the following year along with Quebec and Niagara. In 1760 three armies marched on the ultimate objective, Montreal, where the French army capitulated on September 8. (Collection and photo: Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of National Defence, Ottawa) Britain’s three-pronged thrust was meant to separate New England from the rest of the young nation. Yet, despite its superior resources, Britain’s campaign was a disaster. Gen. John Burgoyne emerged from a woodline with six thousand soldiers to surrender to the Patriots at Saratoga in October 1777.

Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 road was dubious to say the least in America’s wilderness. The general therefore cut down the ordnance accompanying the army to: • • • • • • • Muskets & Tomahawks is a set of rules for recreating skirmishes during the major wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Evacuation of Fort Duquesne, November 1758. (Print after W. Snyder. Private collection. Author’s photo)Aubry’s Raid on Fort Ligonier John Ligonier, First Earl Ligonier, 1760. Lord Ligonier was commanderin-chief of the British army from 1757 to 1759, thus at the time of Forbes’ advance in 1758, and Fort Ligonier was named in his honor. He became Master-General of the Ordnance from 1759 to 1762. (Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania) Initial Strategy Brigadier-General John Forbes, c.1750. He is shown wearing the uniform of 2nd (Scots Greys) North British Dragoons. (Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania) Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 Map of North America in the 1750s. Spain, France, and Great Britain had various claims to substantial parts of America, much of it, such as Rupert’s Land or western Canada, unsettled by European powers. (Author’s photo)