These neon tubes were essentially in their contemporary form. [11] [19] [20] The outer diameters for the glass tubing used in neon lighting ranges from 9 to 25mm; with standard electrical equipment, the tubes can be as long as 30 metres (98ft). [21] The pressure of the gas inside ranges from 3 to 20 Torr (0.4–3 kPa), which corresponds to a partial vacuum in the tubing. Claude had also solved two technical problems that substantially shortened the working life of neon and some other gas discharge tubes, [22] and effectively gave birth to a neon lighting industry. In 1915, a US patent was issued to Claude covering the design of the electrodes for gas-discharge lighting; [23] this patent became the basis for the monopoly held in the US by his company, Claude Neon Lights, for neon signs through the early 1930s. [24] You can never go wrong with blue. Whether you are planning a special event or you are looking to beautify your space, our blue neon signs will give you that touch of beauty, style, and cool that you are aiming for. Our collection of blue neon signs includes multiple shades of blue so you can always find the right fit to complement your home or office décor. Pilot lamps that indicate the presence of electrical power in an appliance or instrument (e.g. an electric coffee pot or power supply). a b Popper, Frank (2009). "Neon". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Weeks, Mary Elvira (2003). Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing. p.287. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. [ permanent dead link]

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a b c van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper. New York University Press. p.42. ISBN 978-0-8147-8812-7. History and science [ edit ] Gas discharge tube containing neon, which was first displayed by Ramsay and Travers; "Ne" is the symbol for neon, one of the chemical elements.Cutler, Alan (Summer 2007). "A visual history of Times Square spectaculars". The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20.

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a b c Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 34 (2): 268–278. Bibcode: 2006ITPS...34..268W. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2006.872440. S2CID 20290119. Neon lighting is closely related to fluorescent lighting, which developed about 25 years after neon tube lighting. [12] In fluorescent lights, the light emitted by rarefied gases within a tube is used exclusively to excite fluorescent materials that coat the tube, which then shine with their own colors that become the tube's visible, usually white, glow. Fluorescent coatings and glasses are also an option for neon tube lighting, but are usually selected to obtain bright colors.

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Immediately following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties. [16] However, the scarcity of purified neon gas precluded its prompt application for electrical gas-discharge lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used more common nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the working gas, and enjoyed some commercial success in the US in the early 1900s. [1] [17] After 1902, Georges Claude's company in France, Air Liquide, began producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of the air liquefaction business. From December 3 to 18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two large (12-metre (39ft) long), bright red neon tubes at the Paris Motor Show. [4] [5] Vegas Vic, a 40-foot (12m) tall neon sign built in 1951 for the Pioneer Club in Las Vegas, Nevada. The sign, built by the Young Electric Sign Company, shows the elaborate artistic effects that can be achieved. [18] Display of neon lighting samples in a glass studio

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The small size of the negative glow region of a neon lamp, and the flexible electronic properties that were exploited in electronic circuits, led to the adoption of this technology for the earliest plasma panel displays. The first monochrome dot-matrix plasma panel displays were developed in 1964 at the University of Illinois for the PLATO educational computing system. They had the characteristic color of the neon lamp; their inventors, Donald L. Bitzer, H. Gene Slottow, and Robert H. Wilson, had achieved a working computer display that remembered its own state, and did not require constant refreshing from the central computer system. The relationship between these early monochrome displays and contemporary, color plasma displays and televisions was described by Larry F. Weber in 2006, "All plasma TVs on the market today have the same features that were demonstrated in the first plasma display which was a device with only a single cell. These features include alternating sustain voltage, dielectric layer, wall charge, and a neon-based gas mixture." [3] As in colored neon lamps, plasma displays use a gas mixture that emits ultraviolet light. Each pixel has a phosphor that emits one of the display's base colors. Claude's patents envisioned the use of gases such as argon and mercury vapor to create different colors beyond those produced by neon. For instance, mixing metallic mercury with neon gas creates blue. Green can then be achieved using uranium (yellow) glass. White and gold can also be created by adding argon and helium. [25] In the 1920s, fluorescent glasses and coatings were developed to further expand the range of colors and effects for tubes with argon gas or argon-neon mixtures; generally, the fluorescent coatings are used with an argon/mercury-vapor mixture, which emits ultraviolet light that activates the fluorescent coatings. [12] By the 1930s, the colors from combinations of neon tube lights had become satisfactory for some general interior lighting applications, and achieved some success in Europe, but not in the US. [12] Since the 1950s, the development of phosphors for color televisions has created nearly 100 new colors for neon tube lighting. [14] Fleming, J. A. (October 1904). "The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Appliance for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy". Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Sixth Series. 8 (46): 417. doi: 10.1080/14786440409463212. Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of radiofrequency waves by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsay.

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Sprengnagel, Dusty (1999). Neon World. ST Publications. ISBN 978-0-944094-26-6. A collection of photographs of neon signs from cities around the world, most unannotated.