a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Jenkins, Dennis R. (2016). Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon – 1972–2013. Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-249-6.

The Ukrainian artillery had already damaged the mine fields so much that the defence line “is no longer effective”, Mr Khodakovsky, a Donetsk-based senior Ukrainian officer who switched sides in 2014, said. Schmidt, William E. (April 20, 1986). "All Shuttle Crew Remains Recovered, NASA Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 9, 2021. a b US House Committee on Science and Technology (October 29, 1986). "Investigation of the Challenger Accident; Report of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives" (PDF). US Government Printing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021 . Retrieved August 26, 2021.As a result of the disaster, NASA established the Office of Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance, and arranged for deployment of commercial satellites from expendable launch vehicles rather than from a crewed orbiter. To replace Challenger, the construction of a new Space Shuttle orbiter, Endeavour, was approved in 1987, and the new orbiter first flew in 1992. Subsequent missions were launched with redesigned SRBs and their crews wore pressurized suits during ascent and reentry. The first occurrence of in-flight O-ring erosion occurred on the right SRB on STS-2 in November 1981. [1] :126 In August 1984, a post-flight inspection of the left SRB on STS-41-D revealed that soot had blown past the primary O-ring and was found in between the O-rings. Although there was no damage to the secondary O-ring, this indicated that the primary O-ring was not creating a reliable seal and was allowing hot gas to pass. The amount of O-ring erosion was insufficient to prevent the O-ring from sealing, and investigators concluded that the soot between the O-rings resulted from non-uniform pressure at the time of ignition. [1] :130 [4] :39–42 The January 1985 launch of STS-51-C was the coldest Space Shuttle launch to date. The air temperature was 62°F (17°C) at the time of launch, and the calculated O-ring temperature was 53°F (12°C). Post-flight analysis revealed erosion in primary O-rings in both SRBs. Morton Thiokol engineers determined that the cold temperatures caused a loss of flexibility in the O-rings that decreased their ability to seal the field joints, which allowed hot gas and soot to flow past the primary O-ring. [4] :47 O-ring erosion occurred on all but one ( STS-51-J) of the Space Shuttle flights in 1985, and erosion of both the primary and secondary O-rings occurred on STS-51-B. [1] :131 [4] :50–52,63 It is not yet known whether the Challenger 2 will be salvageable, but one source said Ukrainian engineers would at least be able to strip it down for spares because it was hit in territory held by Kyiv. A surprise Ukrainian offensive Television, Hearst (November 11, 2022). "Artifact from Space Shuttle Challenger found on ocean floor, NASA confirms". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved November 13, 2022. If your credit score is below 680, then you'll want to apply with PayTomorrow! Benefits of PayTomorrow include:

a b Barbree, Jay (January 1997). "Chapter 5: An eternity of descent". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020 . Retrieved October 31, 2020.Immediately after the disaster, the NASA Launch Recovery Director launched the two SRB recovery ships, MV Freedom Star and MV Liberty Star, to proceed to the impact area to recover debris, and requested the support of US military aircraft and ships. Owing to falling debris from the explosion, the RSO kept recovery forces from the impact area until 12:37 p.m. The size of the recovery operations increased to 12 aircraft and 8 ships by 7:00 p.m. Surface operations recovered debris from the orbiter and ET. The surface recovery operations ended on February 7. [16] Dunbar, Brian (August 7, 2017). "STS-51L Mission Profile". NASA. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017 . Retrieved November 3, 2021. The Challenger 2 destroyed in Ukraine was the first confirmed destruction of the British-made tank by enemy action. Zurawik, David (February 25, 1990). "Turning Tragedy into Entertainment, 'Challenger' Invades Survivors' Private Grief". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved September 7, 2021.