Environmental Records Information Centre North East, 2018.ERIC NE Combined dataset to 2017. Occurrence dataset: http://www.ericnortheast.org.ukl accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-38

Lee, J.A. & Brinkhuis, B.H., 1988. Seasonal light and temperature interaction effects on development of Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) gametophytes and juvenile sporophytes. Journal of Phycology, 24, 181-191. Henley WJ, Dunton KH (1997) Effects of nitrogen supply and continuous darkness on growth and photosynthesis of the arctic kelp Laminaria solidungula. Limnol Oceanogr 42:209–216 Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2018. Isle of Man historical wildlife records 1995 to 1999. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/lo2tge accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. Sporophyte growth was inhibited at 17 and 20 °C whereas the water temperature for optimal growth depended on the time of year (11 °C between November and March and often 14 °C between April and July).Temperature ecotypes are formed in which the temperature tolerance of the species varies with location depending on the local conditions to which the plant is adapted. Consequently, different populations of the species are likely to react in different ways to environmental stresses such as changes in temperature. Furthermore, sporophytes are much more sensitive to temperature change than meiospores and gametophytes (Lee & Brinkhuis, 1988).

Zhang X, Thomsen M (2019) Biomolecular composition and revenue explained by interactions between extrinsic factors and endogenous rhythms of Saccharina latissima. Mar Drugs 17:1–39Gerard, V.A., 1997. The role of nitrogen nutrition in high-temperature tolerance of the kelp, Laminaria saccharina (Chromophyta). Journal of Phycology, 33, 800-810. A normally subtidal, demersal or pelagic species including intertidal migratory or under-boulder species is continuously exposed to air and sunshine for onehour. Merseyside BioBank., 2018. Merseyside BioBank (unverified). Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/iou2ld accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. Mannitol did not correlate with SST or sampling depth, but showed a strong negative correlation with salinity. In contrast to the latitudinal data-set, mannitol was significantly lower in populations with low salinity such as the Baltic Sea. Phlorotannins were not significantly correlated to any of the three abiotic parameters. There was no correlation of C:N and SST or salinity, however, a strong positive correlation was found with sampling depth, since total C correlated strongly positively and total N correlated moderately negatively with depth. 3.3.3 Morphology vs. biochemistry

Each sporangium contains 32 zoospores that develop into microscopic dioecious haploid gametophytes. Gerard, V.A. & Du Bois, K.R., 1988. Temperature ecotypes near the southern boundary of the kelp Laminaria saccharina. Marine Biology, 97, 575-580. Benchmark. A one hour change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of oneyear. Further detailsthe reproductive phase. If environmental factors do not induce fertility in the gametophyte (see factors affecting reproduction below), filamentous growth occurs. Flavin K, Flavin N, Flahive B (2013) Kelp farming manual. A guide to the processes, techniques and equipment for farming kelp in New England waters. Ocean Approved. 123p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0547-z The continued delivery of CO 2 into surface oceans is expected to alter pools of inorganic carbon (increased pCO 2 and HC O 3 −, decreased C O 3 2 − and saturation states (Ω) of calcite and aragonite), and coastal zones are particularly prone to enhanced acidification due to processes such as upwelling, riverine discharge, and eutrophication ( Meehl etal., 2007; Feely etal., 2009; Cai etal., 2011; Melzner etal., 2013). Specifically, eutrophication-enhanced microbial respiration is a strong regional source of CO 2 in coastal zones on diel and seasonal timescales that can result in pCO 2 levels that far exceed end of the century projections for the open ocean (>1,000 µatm; Cai etal., 2011; Melzner etal., 2013; Wallace etal., 2014). Present and future acidification is expected to have varying effects on marine flora and fauna, with the reduced saturation states negatively af