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The Holocaust is thus, as Stone makes abundantly clear, European history, and should be understood as such. Even neutral and Allied countries did not cover themselves in glory. Under pressure from the German Foreign Office to ‘repatriate’ Jews, Salazar’s government in Portugal vacillated: had it not, Salonika’s Jews might have survived. After the war, Britain’s restrictions on Jewish entry to Palestine brought frustration, anger and despair to Jews in Displaced Persons camps, who had survived the Holocaust only to endure ‘their continued incarceration’. Ernest Bevin notoriously remarked that the ‘Jew should not push to the head of the queue’. Stone’s chapter on the postwar fate of Jewish victims illuminates with great sympathy and insight a history of continuing suffering and prejudice. In the English-speaking world, we still tend to associate the Holocaust with death camps; the liberation of Dachau, Buchenwald and Mauthausen by the US Army and Belsen by the British led to a confusion that lasted decades. Life and Culture The Holocaust: An Unfinished History Book review: The untold story of Europe’s Shoah shame Badly written, but nevertheless offering a useful overview of the holocaust. There must be some – presumably the author's students – who really appreciate reading e.g.: "We see [the 'collective intoxication' of Nazism] in the incel culture of the manosphere …"

Nicola Sturgeon has insisted she has “nothing to hide” but repeatedly refused to say whether she deleted messages sought by the UK Covid inquiry. The former first minister was challenged over reports that she destroyed communications that have been requested by the investigation. The Scottish... Nicola Sturgeon has insisted she has “nothing to hide” but repeatedly refused to say whether she deleted messages sought by the UK Covid inquiry. The former first minister was challenged over reports that she destroyed communications that have been requested by the investigation. The Scottish... Nicola Sturgeon has insisted she has “nothing to hide” but repeatedly refused to say whether she deleted messages sought by the... A timely corrective to a shifting narrative ... erudite ... this remarkable book offers both a narrative overview and an analysis of the events, challenging many common assumptions and often returning to how this terrible history remains "unfinished"... a brisk, compelling and scholarly account of the Nazi genocide and its aftermath . But never for one moment does it let us believe that the events are now safely in the past -- Matthew Reisz ― Observer This vital history shatters many myths about the Nazi genocide . . . . surprising . . . provocative . . . fizzes with ideas. Even if you think you know the subject, you'll probably find something here to make you think' Sunday Times Spain: Parliamentary ceremony in Madrid to mark the 18th birthday of Crown Princess Leonor of Spain.

The secret Pantcheff report is now public because Russia was given a copy by Britain and it has been uncovered. Some argue Britain classed it as confidential because few wished to dwell on the issue of mass killings and burials on the island. But documents have a way of becoming public and with it history is itself being rewritten.Veidlinger explores why more than 100,000 Jews were murdered in Ukraine in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, and how such a horrific event was effectively forgotten. In the way local populations turned on their Jewish neighbours and participated in mass killing, he finds seeds of the later Holocaust. The numbers are staggering but about 1.5 million Jews were shot in the autumn of 1941 and spring of 1942. The Nazis’ wiping out of whole communities in Eastern Europe means that we still do not even know the names of about one million victims.

Stone’s new book is an engaging and accessible read that never hurries or shields the reader from its dark subject matter. It joins an extensive library of literature that intends to understand the origins, course and consequences of the Holocaust. Modern accounts of the Holocaust are positioned atop the fading of living memory into history. Laurence Rees’s 2017 book centred the voices of the survivors, drawing from interviews he collected through his work on BBC documentaries. Yet, Stone writes, “The interest in survivor testimony in recent years... has obscured the fact that survival was the exception, death was the norm.” Histories of the Holocaust have to find the voices that were lost. Many European countries, also infected by ethnic nationalism, shared the Nazis’ hatred of Jews and, during the Second World War, took the opportunity to remove them alongside other groups they deemed undesirable. But, as Stone also shows, the policy towards Jews, and towards collaboration with the Nazis in deporting them, was not always consistent. Vichy France under Pétain resisted Nazi pressure to deport Jews who were French citizens; yet Vichy had actively participated in rounding up stateless Jews. Hungary under Miklós Horthy, despite sending Jews to be slaughtered at Kamenets-Podolski in August 1941, resisted Nazi demands to surrender its Jews until the Nazi invasion in March 1944. While fascists, nativists and nationalists outside of Germany did not generally share the Nazis’ “magical” thinking, they did share the dream of national racial purity and of a continent without Jews. Even before the war began, Romania, Italy, Hungary and others had passed anti-Semitic racial legislation similar to the Nuremberg Laws, while the decades since the Great War and the Russian Revolution had seen pogroms and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale across central and eastern Europe. Nor was it just in Nazi Germany’s fascist allies where local collaboration and participation was key. Large numbers of people in occupied Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and elsewhere took part in or facilitated the killing. Stone writes that “the number of Poles who were involved in betraying Jews to the German occupiers, or robbing or killing them themselves, dwarfs the number of rescuers”. People have been thinking about this for some time and wondering why the original Pantcheff report is classified until 2045".The defining event of twentieth-century Europe - the extermination of millions of Jews - has been commemorated, institutionalised and embedded in our collective consciousness. But in this nuanced and perceptive new history, Dan Stone, Professor of Modern History and Director of the Holocaust Research Institute, contends that the true dimension of the horror wrought by the Nazis is inadvertently brushed aside in our current culture of commemoration. This is due in part to practical or conceptual challenges, such as the continent-wide scale of the crime and the multiplicity of sources in many languages; and in part to an unwillingness to confront the reality that the Holocaust could not have happened without the assistance of numerous non-Nazi states and agents.