Currently, sustainability is becoming an essential aim in the world (Chang et al. 2016). Sustainability has three pillars including economic, environmental, and social aspects. Enhancement of social condition can increase human well-being (UNEP 2009). Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a technique for evaluating social performances of products throughout their life cycle (UNEP 2009). He explained, “At the beginning of harvest last year, one could get a bag of paddy for about N30,000. But as the months progressed, towards the end of January, it was N35,000 and it stayed there. But, it has peaked at N37,000 as cash becomes available again. During the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC), two revolutionary improvements in farming technology took place. One was the use of cast iron tools and beasts of burden to pull plows, and the other was the large-scale harnessing of rivers and development of water conservation projects. Sunshu Ao of the 6th century BC and Ximen Bao of the 5th century BC are two of the earliest hydraulic engineers from China, and their works were focused upon improving irrigation systems. [34] These developments were widely spread during the ensuing Warring States period (403–221 BC), culminating in the enormous Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System engineered by Li Bing by 256 BC for the State of Qin in ancient Sichuan. During the Eastern Jin (317–420) and the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–589), land-use became more intensive and efficient, rice was grown twice a year and cattle began to be used for plowing and fertilization.

Expansion of Chinese Paddy Rice to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 6 August 2007.Paddy rice cultivation faces challenges like water scarcity, climate change impacts, and degrading soil fertility. However, innovative farming techniques, mechanization, high-yielding varieties, and sustainable practices are improving productivity and resilience Nirmal, Ghost. "Thailand to set aside more land for farming; It plans to increase rice production and stop conversion of agricultural land." The Straits Times (Singapore) 24 April 2008. Muhammad KI, Sharaai AH, Ismail MM et al (2019) Social implications of palm oil production through social life cycle perspectives in Johor, Malaysia. Int J Life Cycle Assess 24:935–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1540-y

Gluten-Free: Rice is naturally gluten-free, making it suitable for individuals with gluten intolerance or celiac disease. It allows people with dietary restrictions to enjoy a wide range of dishes without compromising their health.

Rice cultivation did not show a good performance for farmers in Iran with regard to satisfactory from income (0.14%), health and safety (2%), and marketing (2.4%). Thuayjan T, Prasara-A J, Boonkum P, Gheewala SH (2022) Social life cycle assessment of green and burnt manual sugarcane harvesting in the Northeastern Thailand: https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202100190. Environ Nat Resour J xx–xx Chang YJ, Nguyen TD, Finkbeiner M, Krüger J (2016) Adapting ergonomic assessments to social life cycle assessment. Procedia CIRP 40:91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.064 Malaysian Committee of International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage (ICDC) (2002) Annual Report. Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: ICDC

Daily Trust correspondent in the state gathered that millers from Kano, Jigawa, Katsina and Argungu, Kebbi states go into the rural communities in the state while processors in the state also struggle to meet their daily needs of paddies. The outcomes of this research provide rich information about the positive and negative social performances of paddy rice production in northern Iran and western Peninsular Malaysia. The finding from this study indicated that the modern agriculture showed better performance for the worker and farmers. Health and safety for local community in modern agriculture showed better performance as a result of low rice residue burning and low air pollution. It's a form of irrigation. You use the dikes to direct the water where you need more or away from where you need less. That way the crops are evenly watered. A member of the management team of one of the mega rice mills in Kano who spoke on condition of anonymity said the wet season last year wasn’t impressive (due to flooding) as rice paddy production dropped drastically, which affected supply to mills in the state. Pelletier N (2018) Social sustainability assessment of Canadian egg production facilities: Methods, analysis, and recommendations. Sustain 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051601

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However, during the cash crunch, it came down a bit to N34,000 if you have cash because most of the local farmers do not accept transfer since they don’t have bank accounts; but it has gone up to N37,000 with the return of cash. In Nepal, rice (Nepali: धान, Dhaan) is grown in the Terai and hilly regions. It is mainly grown during the summer monsoon in Nepal. [41] Philippines [ edit ] Batad Rice Terraces in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines

I bought paddy during the cash crunch for N35,000 per bag. But right now, it is sold for between N36,000 and N38,000. The third step of S-LCA was the social life cycle impact assessment (S-LCIA). There were two steps involved: (1) characterization and (2) weighting. In the current study, the method for S-LCIA was the reference points approach based on Parent et al. ( 2010). According to the UNEP 2020 Guideline, the reference point approach was used when the aim of conducting S-LCA was to assess the social performance of products (UNEP 2020). The reference unit for wage and income are ringgit and rial for Malaysia and Iran, respectively. Other social indicators are presented in percentages. 3.10 Characterization The Hanja character for 'field', jeon ( Korean: 전; Hanja: 田), is found in some place names, especially small farming townships and villages. However, the specific Korean term for 'paddy' is a purely Korean word, "non" ( Korean: 논). Harrington, Spencer P.M. (11 June 1997). "Earliest Rice". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Rice cultivation began in China ca. 11,500 years ago, some 3,500 years earlier than previously believed All social subcategories evaluated in this study were adapted from UNEP Guideline 2020. The inventory data were in percentage of yes or no reply to each question. All indicators were illustrated as percentage. This method for characterization was adapted from Aparcana and Salhofer ( 2013) and Manik et al. ( 2013). The value for characterization result was between 0 and 100. In this study, the important social aspects adapted from UNEP ( 2020) were considered: wage, health and safety, discrimination, forced labour, child labour, sexual harassment, employment relationship, and working hours for worker stakeholders. Health and safety, and local employment were examined for the local community stakeholders. Water rights, land right, assistance with technology development, assistance with loan, and health and safety were examined for farmer stakeholders. 3.11 NormalizationUNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 5 May 2015. a b Zhang, Chi; Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2008). "The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 47 (2). Fields can be built into steep hillsides as terraces or adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or marshes. They require a great deal of labor and materials to create and need large quantities of water for irrigation. Oxen and water buffalo, adapted for life in wetlands, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming. A paddy field is a flooded field of arable land used for growing semiaquatic crops, most notably rice and taro. It originates from the Neolithic rice-farming cultures of the Yangtze River basin in southern China, associated with pre-Austronesian and Hmong-Mien cultures. It was spread in prehistoric times by the expansion of Austronesian peoples to Island Southeast Asia, Southeast Asia including Northeastern India, Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The technology was also acquired by other cultures in mainland Asia for rice farming, spreading to East Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Weighting different social indicators: After calculating the weighing factors for each social indicator, the weighting factor was multiplied to the indicator result to obtain weighted performance indicator result. .Finally, the weighted social performance for each stakeholder was evaluated by summing up the weighted social performance of all social issues for each stakeholder (Thuayjan et al. 2022).