And while the seaweed sheet of nori is primarily a functional feature, it also adds a lovely umami flavor to the rice. Sushi rice is traditionally seasoned with rice vinegar, sugar and salt. These ingredients are heated together (but not boiled) until the sugar and salt have dissolved. Use about 120ml brown or white Japanese rice vinegar, 3 tbsp sugar and a pinch of salt per 450g rice. Japanese people love anything fluffy, like fluffy pancake and fluffy bread. But never ever fluffy rice. Perfectly cooked rice is shiny and firm but perfectly cooked through. It is like how the Italians fuss about cooking pasta al dente professionally. Maher EA, Bate NJ, Ni W, Elkind Y, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. Increased disease susceptibility of transgenic tobacco plants with suppressed levels of preformed phenylpropanoid products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(16):7802–6. Zhu G, Liang E, Lan X, Li Q, Qian J, Tao H, et al. ZmPGIP3 gene encodes a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein that enhances resistance to sheath blight in rice. Phytopathology. 2019;109(10):1732–40. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-19-0008-R.

All resistant and susceptible cultivars were planted at the experimental base of Jiamus Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Jiamusi, China). Pathogen inoculation Koshihikari was first created in 1956 by combining 2 different strains of Nourin No.1 and Nourin No.22 at the Fukui Prefectural Agricultural Research Facility. It is one of the most highly grown varieties of rice in Japan [1] and is exported to other countries as a premium product. [2] Yu, E., Yamaji, N., Mao, C., Wang, H. & Ma, J. F. Lateral roots but not root hairs contribute to high uptake of manganese and cadmium in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 72, 7219–7228 (2021).

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Metzker ML. Sequencing technologies-the next generation. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11:31–46. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420008876.pt1. In the leaf sheaths of Shennong 9819, 12 common DEGs were continuously expressed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after inoculation, including four upregulated genes and seven downregulated genes. At 12 h, 832 specific DEGs were identified (575 upregulated and 268 downregulated). There were 23 specific DEGs (15 upregulated and 14 downregulated) discovered at 24 h, and 693 specific DEGs (284 upregulated and 419 downregulated) were identified at 36 h. In the leaf sheath of Koshihikari, 269 common DEGs were expressed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after inoculation (132 upregulated and 137 downregulated). At 12 h, 537 specific DEGs (417 upregulated and 172 downregulated) were identified, and 925 specific DEGs (619 upregulated and 359 downregulated) were identified at 36 h. At 36 h, 1251 specific DEGs were identified (612 upregulated and 645 downregulated). In conclusion, the number of DEGs which were continuously expressed in the sheath of Koshihikari was higher than that in Shennong 9819 after inoculation. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes The staining method that was used was proposed by Lux et al. [ 87]. Alcohol solution (95%) and glacial acetic acid were mixed in a 1:1 ratio to prepare fixative solution. Chloral hydrate (5 g) was dissolved in 2 ml distilled water to prepare saturated chloral hydrate. Aniline blue (1 g) was added to 100 ml distilled water to prepare the aniline blue staining solution.

Florea L, Song L, Salzberg SL. Thousands of exon skipping events differentiate among splicing patterns in sixteen human tissues. F1000. Research. 2013;2:188. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-188.v1.

Ohtsubo, Ken'ichi; Okunishi, Tomoya; Suzuki, Koitaro (2005). "Processed novel foodstuffs from pregerminated brown rice". In Toriyama, K; Heong, KL; Hardy, B (eds.). Rice is Life: Scientific Perspectives for the 21st Century. International Rice Research Institute. ISBN 9789712202049. As of 2023, Niigata Prefecture has registered Koshihikari Niigata BL Nos. 1 to 6 and 9 to 13 under the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act, with BL Nos. 4 and 13 each accounting for 35% of production, BL No. 2 accounting for 20%, and BL No. 1 accounting for 10%. [7] Related varieties [ edit ] Xiao J, Jin X, Jia X, Wang H, Cao A, Zhao W, et al. Transcriptome-based discovery of pathways and genes related to resistance against Fusarium head blight in wheat landrace Wangshuibai. BMC Genomics. 2013;14(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-197.

Huang, S. et al. Boron uptake in rice is regulated post-translationally via a clathrin-independent pathway. Plant Physiol. 188, 1649–1664 (2022). Yamaji, N. & Ma, J. F. Bioimaging of multiple elements by high-resolution LAICP-MS reveals altered distribution of mineral elements in the nodes of rice mutants. Plant J. 99, 1254–1263 (2019). Li H, Wu J, Shang X, Geng M, Gao J, Zhao S, et al. WRKY transcription factors shared by BTH-induced resistance and NPR1-mediated acquired resistance improve broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat. Mol Plant Microbe In. 2020;33(3):433–43. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-19-0257-R. Shen H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Meng X, Zhou X, Chu C, et al. OsWRKY30 is activated by MAP kinases to confer drought tolerance in rice. Plant Mol Biol. 2012;80(3):241–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-012-9941-y.

Murray, M. G. & Thompson, W. F. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 4321–4325 (1980). Zhang H, Yang Y, Wang C, Liu M, Li H, Fu Y, et al. Large-scale transcriptome comparison reveals distinct gene activations in wheat responding to stripe rust and powdery mildew. BMC Genomics. 2014;15(1):898. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-898.

We encourage you to try it for yourself. See if you can taste the rich mountain water and the ocean breeze in each individual grain. It’s no wonder why the majority (over 80%) of restaurants in Sapporo and Hokkaido—the two regions known for their sushi—use Nanatsuboshi rice! Asanome N, Moriya M, Suzuki K. Eating quality evaluation of new rice variety ‘Tsuyahime’ III. Eating quality analysis by multipronged physical evaluation. Jpn J Crop Sci. 2010;79(Suppl 2):152–153. One of the best ways to learn about Japan is by exploring all the different rice varieties it has to offer. Trying some of these quality Japanese rice brands will take you on a journey of the subtle flavors and textures unique to each region.

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NPR1 functions as a master regulator of SA signalling and plays an essential role in plant immunity [ 58]. Previous studies have confirmed that the overexpression of NPR1 leads to increased host resistance to various pathogens [ 67, 68]. In the present study, OsNPR1 was detected in the two cultivars; furthermore, the expression of OsNPR1 was upregulated in both cultivars. This indicated that both cultivars initiated the NPR1 resistance mechanism to resist infection from pathogens. rTGA2.1 is a negative regulator of the plant defence response [ 69]. At 12 and 36 h, the expression of rTGA2.1 was downregulated in the resistant cultivar. This result is consistent with previous findings [ 69]. Transcription factor rTGA2.1 negatively regulated plant resistance, and its downregulation increased the resistance to R. solani in the resistant cultivar Shennong 9819. OsWRKY70 is an inhibitor of the NPR1 induced resistance gene [ 70]. In this study, its expression in the susceptible cultivar Koshihikari was higher than that in the resistant cultivar Shennong 9819. This indicates that Shennong 9819 may induce plant resistance by regulating the expression of the NPR1 gene in the early stage of R. solani infection. Expression of OsPAL in plant disease resistance Zhou X, Liao H, Chern M, Yin J, Chen Y, Wang J, et al. Loss of function of a rice TPR-domain RNA-binding protein confers broad-spectrum disease resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:12. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705927115. Nimchuk Z, Eulgem T, Holt BF, Dangl JL. Recognition and response in the plant immune system. Annu Rev Genet. 2003;37(1):579–609. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142628. Different brands of rice may drier than others, so adjust the water quantity if needed – you’ll have to cook a batch of rice to see whether this is necessary