Shoufani, Elias; Shufani, Ilyas; Shūfānī, Ilyās; Publishing, Arab Institute for Research and (1973). Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1915-8. Della Vida, G. Levi (1978). "Khathʿam". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.& Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IV: Iran–Kha (2nded.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.1105–1106. OCLC 758278456.

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Zetterstéen, K. V. (1965). "K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd b. al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H. (eds.). Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. Cornell: Cornell University Press. pp.235–236. OCLC 609717677. The time and place that Khalid gained the epithet Sayf Allah ('the Sword of God') varies in the Islamic sources. Historians of the 8th and early 9th centuries indicate the title was awarded to Khalid by Caliph Abu Bakr ( r.632–634) for his successes in the Ridda wars against the tribes of Arabia opposed to the Muslim state. In the mid-to-late 9th century, the first reports began to circulate in Islamic histories that Muhammad awarded the title to Khalid for his role against the Byzantines at the Battle of Mu'ta. [24] Main article: Battle of Yarmouk The ravines of the Yarmouk River, in the vicinity of the Battle of Yarmouk Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. [124] The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based Ibn Asakir (d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. [124] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. [126] As his forces entered from the east, Muslim forces led by Abu Ubayda had entered peacefully from the western Bab al-Jabiya gate after negotiations with Damascene notables led by Mansur ibn Sarjun, a high-ranking city official. [124] [127] The Muslim armies met up in the city center where capitulation terms were agreed. [127] On the other hand, al-Baladhuri holds that Khalid entered peacefully from Bab Sharqi while Abu Ubayda entered from the west by force. [124] Modern research questions Abu Ubayda's arrival in Syria by the time of the siege. Caetani cast doubt about the aforementioned traditions, while the orientalist Henri Lammens substituted Abu Ubayda with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. [128]

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Donner, Fred M. (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05327-8. With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in Iraq (lower Mesopotamia). [64] [65] He reorganized his army, possibly because the bulk of the Muhajirun may have withdrawn to Medina. [66] According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the sahaba ('companions' of Muhammad). [66] The historian Fred Donner holds that the Muhajirun and the Ansar still formed the core of his army, along with a large proportion of nomadic Arabs likely from the Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad and Ghatafan tribes. [67] The commanders of the tribal contingents appointed by Khalid were Adi ibn Hatim of the Tayy and Asim ibn Amr of the Tamim. [68] He arrived at the southern Iraqi frontier with about 1,000 warriors in the late spring or early summer of 633. [69] The desert march is the most celebrated episode of Khalid's expedition and medieval Futuh ('Islamic conquests') literature in general. [100] Kennedy writes that the desert march "has been enshrined in history and legend. Arab sources marvelled at his [Khalid's] endurance; modern scholars have seen him as a master of strategy." [99] He asserts it is "certain" Khalid embarked on the march, "a memorable feat of military endurance", and "his arrival in Syria was an important ingredient of the success of Muslim arms there". [99] The historian Moshe Gil calls the march "a feat which has no parallel" and a testament to "Khalid's qualities as an outstanding commander". [105]

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Sirriya, Elizabeth (1979). "Ziyārāt of Syria in a riḥla of 'Abd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī (1050/1641–1143/1731)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 111 (2): 109–122. doi: 10.1017/S0035869X00135543. ISSN 2051-2066. S2CID 163434595. Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. Khalid's initial focus was the suppression of Tulayha's following. [36] In late 632, he confronted Tulayha's forces at the Battle of Buzakha, which took place at the eponymous well in Asad territory where the tribes were encamped. The Tayy defected to the Muslims before Khalid's troops arrived to Buzakha, the result of mediation between the two sides by the Tayy chief Adi ibn Hatim. The latter had been assigned by Medina as its tax collector over his tribe and its traditional Asad rivals. [42] This book would have been very authoritative if not for a glaring flaw: sources and citations. The citations and references in the book are wholly inadequate for a subject of such complexity. There are no extensive footnotes and endnotes and only sections of speech are referenced.The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. [97] The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira departure. [98] This phase entailed Khalid and his men—numbering between 500 and 800 strong [99]—marching from a well called Quraqir across a vast stretch of waterless desert for six days and five nights until reaching a source of water at a place called Suwa. [100] As his men did not possess sufficient waterskins to traverse this distance with their horses and camels, Khalid had some twenty of his camels increase their typical water intake and sealed their mouths to prevent the camels from eating and consequently spoiling the water in their stomachs; each day of the march, he had a number of the camels slaughtered so his men could drink the water stored in the camels' stomachs. [99] [101] The utilization of the camels as water storage and the locating of the water source at Suwa were the result of advice given to Khalid by his guide, Rafi ibn Amr of the Tayy. [99] [102]