The hobble carries many risks, according to Keith Taylor, a 23-year veteran of the NYPD and now a professor at John Jay School of Criminal Justice. Officers know next to nothing about a person’s health, and there are serious outcomes when police immobilize an unhealthy person in a high-stress situation. Obesity, heart conditions, and drugs all can raise the chances of death. Early on Sept. 8, 2018, Marcus Smith was in distress and asked Greensboro police officers for help. They ended up hogtying him. Greensboro Police Department

Other investigators have sought to replicate this previous work with attention to additional variables in attempts to closer simulate real-life restraint. It has been suggested that positional restraint alone is not enough to cause ventilatory compromise and it is often additional factors that contribute to mortality. One common theory is that the act of restraint can add a weight force to a subject that significantly restricts ventilation. Barnett et al. examined this idea by measuring the anterior chest pressure caused by prone positioning and the extent to which it affected ventilation. 15 The study compared standard prone positioning to a modified “supported prone” position which was hypothesized to reduce pressure on the anterior chest wall. The study showed that all positions exerted some degree of pressure, although less so in the modified position. FVC and FEV1 were also decreased across all positions, less so in the modified position. Although the positions did cause restrictive reductions in lung function, they were not noted to be clinically significant. The Effect of the Prone Maximal Restraint Position with and without Weight Force on Cardiac Output and Other Hemodynamic Measures (2013) In 1997, Chan et al. were one of the first groups to measure ventilatory function by spirometry in restrained individuals. 13 Their study, which examined PFTs in sitting, prone, supine, and restraint positioning before and after exercise found statistically significant declines in FVC, FEV1, and MVV when subjects were placed in the PMRP. Although subjects did develop a restrictive lung pattern in the restraint position, the changes were not considered to be clinically relevant and there was no evidence of hypoxemia or hypercarbia demonstrated on arterial blood gas measurements. In a similar study, Roegella et al. showed decreased FVC and FEV1 in patients in the prone hobble restraint versus sitting hobble restraint. 14 End-tidal CO2 were mildly increased, but oxygen saturation remained unchanged. Despite the statistically significant changes, the values are not considered to be clinically relevant. You can also incorporate the stoplight system (red, yellow and green) to let your partner know what’s good, what you may want to pause and talk about or slow down with and what’s a no-no. This is a great way for feeling out boundaries and comfort levels and keeping communication going.End-tidal CO2 was measured in seven studies, all of which found no clinically relevant effects. Weight was added to subjects in two of these seven papers. As a Greensboro music festival wound down in the early hours of Sept. 8, 2018, Marcus Smith approached a group of eight White police officers on traffic duty and ran frantically from officer to officer, begging for help.

The feet are a very powerful weapon and the legs are a very powerful weapon, especially if you have someone that is in an excited state," DeVane said. Vanessa Peoples outside her home in Aurora, Colo., where in July 2017, police put her in a hobble and placed her face down on the ground. Kevin Mohatt/NBC News As our gift to you, a free set of our Getting Started DVDs is included with nearly every rope kit we offer. Officers pushed him face down on the street and tied a belt around his ankles and attached it to his cuffed hands so tightly his knees were lifted off the pavement. On the video, his last coherent words were "Help me." A protester holds Marcus Smith's picture during a demonstration outside City Hall on May 3, 2021, in Greensboro, N.C. Travis Dove / for The Marshall Project Evaluation of the ventilatory Effects of the Prone Maximum Restraint (PMR) Position on Obese Human Subjects (2014)The Hogtied category is all about the art of bondage and domination. Here, you'll find videos of women being tied up and forced to submit to their partners' desires. The category features a wide range of content, from soft bondage to hardcore BDSM. Whether you're into rope bondage, handcuffs, or leather restraints, you'll find something to suit your tastes in this category.

Kelly has retained counsel, the same lawyer who is representing Elijah McClain’s family in its ongoing suit against the city and city employees.

Adapting hog ties for larger, broader, or less flexible folks is made easy by tying in a modular fashion. The "Dragonfly" is a wonderfully simple, yet decorative arm- or leg-binder and is endlessly adjustable for every body.

An internal investigation found no violation of policy and Scott returned all the officers to active duty. Others have suggested that rib fractures could be used as a marker for chest compression asphyxia deaths. 20 Kroll et al. expanded this idea and postulated that a force-generated flail chest could be sufficient enough for death. 21 While previous research focused on velocity-generated flail chest, the authors attempted to develop a model to predict the compression force needed to create flail chest which would be more applicable to a forensic scenario. Using a series of models, the authors predicted that a static force of 2550±250N (260±26kg) would be sufficient to cause a flail chest, which was defined as bilateral fractures of ribs #3–5. In application to the theory of positional asphyxia, it would seem that a significant force would need to be applied to a subject to induce a respiratory compromising flail chest. The model was only based on male subjects in the supine position, although the authors suggested that the prone position may be able to handle even greater weights due to the hinging of the costophrenic angle. The roughly 18,000 police departments in the U.S. have different policies, procedures and training. Most of the nation’s largest police agencies tend to show awareness that the hogtie is dangerous, but not all ban it. It was terrifying, the only thing Marcus wanted was help,” he said. “I don’t know where they got the suicidal or combative or collapsing from. I didn’t see none of that.”Investigators have also postulated that death from positional restraint could be mediated by cardiovascular parameters. In particular, it has been theorized that increased intraabdominal pressure could reduce venous return leading to cardiopulmonary compromise. Roegella's previously mentioned 1997 paper also examined the cardiac function of subjects in the hobble restraint. 14 The study showed significant decreases in cardiac output, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in the prone hobble vs. prone sitting position. The investigators hypothesized that the decreases in blood pressure and cardiac output could be attributed to decreased venous return from an increase in intrathoracic pressure. However, it is important to note that only 6 subjects were included in the trial. Furthermore, cardiac parameters were measured using a non-invasive Porta-Pres with cardiac output inferred by pulse curve analysis. Twelve experiments measured heart rate as an outcome of positional restraint, four of which applied weight to subjects. All twelve of these studies found no clinically significant increases in heart rate. Systolic blood pressure was measured in five studies, of which four applied weight to subjects. No clinically significant effects on systolic blood pressure were found.