Shah, J; Christopher, N (2002). "Can shoe size predict penile length?". BJU International. 90 (6): 586–587. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x. PMID 12230622. S2CID 20887458. Rigaud, Gilbert; Berger, Richard E (1995). "Corrective Procedures for Penile Shortening Due to Peyronie's Disease". The Journal of Urology. 153 (2): 368–70. doi: 10.1097/00005392-199502000-00021. PMID 7815586. Laura Rosenthal; Jacqueline Burchum (17 February 2017). Lehne's Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Providers - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp.551–. ISBN 978-0-323-44779-9. And she revealed her whorings, and she revealed her nakedness, and so I turned from her just as I turned from her sister. 19 Yet she increased her whorings, recalling the days of her childhood when she was prostituted in the land of Egypt. 20 And she lusted after her male lovers whose genitalia were the genitalia of male donkeys and their seminal emission was the seminal emission of horses. Ezekiel 23:18–20 Lexham English Bible

The Penis Gallery - see photos from the event | The Book of Man The Penis Gallery - see photos from the event | The Book of Man

Ancient Chinese legend holds that a man named Lao Ai had the largest penis in history and that he had an affair with Queen Dowager Zhao ( c. 280–228 BC), the mother of Qin Shi Huang, by pretending to be a eunuch. [59] Ancient Koreans admired large penises and King Jijeung (437–514 AD) of the Silla Dynasty is said to have had a forty-five-centimeter penis that was so large his subordinates had to search for a woman that fit him. [59] Traditional Japanese erotic paintings usually show genitals as exaggeratedly large. [59] The oldest known painting of this type, found in the Hōryū-ji Temple in Ikaruga, dates to the eighth century AD and depicts a fairly large penis. [59] The researchers also measured the participants’ body mass index (BMI), which increases with obesity. There was a weak correlation between greater BMI and shorter erect penile length when measuring from the skin over the pubic area, but not when measuring from the bone to the tip.

Similar results exist regarding studies of the circumference of the adult fully erect penis, with the measurement usually taken mid-shaft. [6] As with length, studies that relied on self-measurement consistently reported a significantly higher average than those with staff measuring. In a study of penis size where measurements were taken in a laboratory setting, the average penis circumference when erect was 11.66cm (4.59 inches). [2] Size at birth a b Swan, Shanna H (2008). "Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans". Environmental Research. 108 (2): 177–184. Bibcode: 2008ER....108..177S. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.007. PMC 2775531. PMID 18949837. A study of 115 men from Nigeria found that the average flaccid stretched penis length of Nigerian males is 13.37cm (5.26 inches) long, which is near identical to the worldwide average, stretched flaccid penis length of 13.24cm (5.21 inches) and average erect penis length of 13.12cm (5.17 inches). [33]

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The following staff-measured studies are composed of different subgroups of the human population (in other words, specific age range or race; selection of those with sexual medical concerns or self-selection) that could cause a sample bias. [13] [14] a b c d e f g h i j Veale, David; Miles, Sarah; Bramley, Sally; Muir, Gordon; Hodsoll, John (June 2015). "Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men: Nomograms for flaccid/erect penis length and circumference". BJU International. 115 (6): 978–986. doi: 10.1111/bju.13010. PMID 25487360. Shamloul, R. (2005). "Treatment of men complaining of short penis". Urology. 65 (6): 1183–1185. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.12.066. PMID 15922413. One study, Siminoski and Bain (1988), found a weak correlation between the size of the stretched penis and foot size and height; however, it was too weak to be used as a practical estimator. [25] Another investigation, Shah and Christopher (2002), which cited Siminoski and Bain (1988), failed to find any evidence for a link between shoe size and stretched penis size, stating "the supposed association of penile length and shoe size has no scientific basis". [26] [27]

A study published in the December 2000 International Journal of Impotence Research found that average erect penis length in 50 Jewish Caucasian males was 13.6cm (5.4in) (measured by staff). [4] The study intended "to identify clinical and engineering parameters of the flaccid penis for prediction of penile size during erection." [4] Erection was pharmacologically induced in 50 Jewish Caucasian patients who had been evaluated for erectile dysfunction (ED) (average age 47±14y). Patients with penis abnormalities or whose ED could be attributed to more than one psychological origin were omitted from the study. Rushton, J.Philippe; Bogaert, Anthony F (1987). "Race differences in sexual behavior: Testing an evolutionary hypothesis". Journal of Research in Personality. 21 (4): 529–51. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(87)90038-9. A 2016 study of 248 Korean men identified the average erect penis length to be 13.53cm (5.33in). [18] a b Bowman, Edwin A (2007). "Why the Human Penis is Larger than in the Great Apes". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 37 (3): 361. doi: 10.1007/s10508-007-9297-6. PMID 18158617. S2CID 28199803.

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A 2019 study found that many males overestimate the size of their penis when self-reporting, especially if they have experienced sexual activity with another person. a b Eberhard Nieschlag; Hermann Behre (29 June 2013). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.54–. ISBN 978-3-662-04491-9. An Indian study (published in 2007) of 301 men ages 18 to 60 published in the International Journal of Impotence Research found flaccid, stretched and erect length to be 8.21cm (3.23in), 10.88cm (4.28in) and 13.01cm (5.12in), respectively. [9]

Roche, Paul (2005). Aristophanes: The Complete Plays: A New Translation by Paul Roche. New York City, New York: New American Library. p.178. ISBN 978-0-451-21409-6. The 2015 study of 15,521 men found that the average length of a stretched flaccid penis was 13.24cm (5.21 inches) long, which is near identical to the average length of an erect human penis which is 13.12cm (5.17 inches) long. [11] Ponchietti, Roberto; Mondaini, Nicola; BonafÈ, Massimiliano; Di Loro, Filippo; Biscioni, Stefano; Masieri, Lorenzo (2001). "Penile Length and Circumference: A Study on 3,300 Young Italian Males". European Urology. 39 (2): 183–6. doi: 10.1159/000052434. PMID 11223678. S2CID 46856727. a b Stang, Jamie; Story, Mary (2005). "Ch. 1. Adolescent Growth and Development" (PDF). In Stang J, Story M (ed.). Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services. University of Minnesota. p.3 . Retrieved 26 November 2012. Yoon, Jong Seon; Lee, Gil Ho; Chang, Dae Soo (16 June 2016). "The Relationship between Height and Body Weight and Penile Size in University Students". Korean Journal of Urology. 39 (11): 1061–1064.