Romano Bruno Mussolini (26 September 1927 –3 February 2006) was an Italian jazz pianist, painter, and film producer. [1] He was the fourth child and youngest son of Benito Mussolini.

a b c Maria Scicolone, A tavola con il duce: ricette e racconti inediti di casa Mussolini, Gremese, Roma, 2004, ISBN 8884403243 The rejection of modernism", which views the rationalistic development of Western culture since the Enlightenment as a descent into depravity. Eco distinguishes this from a rejection of superficial technological advancement, as many fascist regimes cite their industrial potency as proof of the vitality of their system. the need for authority by natural chiefs (always male), culminating in a national chieftain who alone is capable of incarnating the group’s historical destiny; hypernationalism– based on the integrated nation cleansed of the influence of ethnic minorities, "foreign" races, and other undesirable elements; Kevin Passmore, a history lecturer at Cardiff University, defines fascism in his 2002 book Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. His definition is directly descended from the view put forth by Ernesto Laclau, and is also informed by a desire to adjust for what he believes are shortcomings in Marxist, Weberian and other analyses of fascism: [26]Alessandra Mussolini barred from election because of faked signatures" by John Hooper, The Guardian, 14 March 2005 In the Spring 2003 issue of the secular humanist magazine Free Inquiry, Laurence W. Britt, who is described as "a retired international businessperson, writer, and commentator" published "Fascism Anyone?", which included a list of 14 defining characteristics of fascism. The list has since been widely circulated in both modified and unmodified forms. [49] In a newspaper interview in 2004, Britt expanded and clarified the meaning of some of the points in his list, and discussed how they applied to the United States at that time. [50] a b Georgi Dimitrov, "The Fascist Offensive and the Tasks of the Communist International," Main Report delivered at the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International – "The class character of fascism;" collected in VII Congress of the Communist International: Abridged Stenographic Report of Proceedings. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1939 complete destruction of political enemies– through radical and violent means, not only against Marxists, but also democrats, liberals, and reactionaries; Hungarian philosopher György Lukács in his works The Destruction of Reason (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1952) and Zur Kritik der faschistischen Ideologie (1989) considers the ideology of fascism as the "demagogic synthesis" of all the irrationalist trends of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the Romantic critique of capitalism ( Carlyle) which after 1848 turned into "indirect apologetics" of capitalism ( Nietzsche), anti-democratic or "aristocratic epistemology" (Lukács' term for philosophies that considered knowledge to be the privilege of an elite, first expressed in Schelling's concept of intellectual intuition and culminating in the metaphysical views of Henri Bergson), emphasis on myth and mysticism, the rejection of humanism, a cult of personality around the leader, the subjugation of reason to instinct, the conception of the nation and people in clearly biological terms, the glorification of war, etc.. According to Lukács, the historical significance of Hitler and Mussolini lies not in that they brought anything new to the ideological field, but in that they condensed all existing reactionary and irrationalist ideologies of the past and through their successful national and social demagogy brought them "from the scholar's study and intellectual coteries to the streets." [45] [46] Leon Trotsky [ edit ]

Pullella, Philip (14 April 2010). "Vatican under fire for linking gays to pedophilia". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 June 2017.a b Antonio Spinosa, Edda: una tragedia italiana, Mondadori, Milano, 1993 ("Oscar storia", 268). ISBN 9788804499817 An early study of fascism was written by Clara Zetkin for the Third Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International in 1923: Vondung, Klaus (2000). The Apocalypse in Germany, Columbia and London. University of Missouri Press. Kitsikis, Dimitri (2005). Pour une Etude scientifique du fascisme[ For a Scientific Study of Fascism] (in French). Nantes: Ars Magna Editions.

The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State – a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values – interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people. the need for closer integration of a purer community, by consent if possible, or by exclusionary violence if necessary; American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who led the US into war with the fascist Axis powers, wrote about fascism: Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-96-588804-2.

Historical records matching Anna Maria Mussolini

In March 2005, Mussolini was banned by a local court from regional elections held the following month for presenting fraudulent signatures. [42] "This is an affront to democracy, if they're going to exclude the Social Alternative they will have to exclude all the parties, because all the signature lists are false," Mussolini told Reuters. [43] Mussolini went on a hunger strike to protest the decision. [44] However, at the end of the month Italy's top administrative court, the Council of State, annulled the decision and she stood for election. [45] Beetham, David (2019). Marxists in the face of fascism: writings by Marxists on fascism from the inter-war period. ISBN 978-1-60846-976-5. OCLC 1081423863.

Benito Mussolini was an Italian political leader who ruled the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He is credited with leading Italy into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany and with helping to bring about the downfall of the liberal Western democracies. A controversial figure, Mussolini is remembered as a dictator who promoted Fascism and oversaw a period of brutal repression. Mussolini a Vladimir Luxuria 'Meglio fascista che frocio'", La Repubblica, 9 March 2006 (in Italian) Benito Mussolini, who was the first to use the term for his political party in 1915, described fascism in The Doctrine of Fascism, published in 1932, as follows: [9] The Holocaust Encyclopedia defines fascism as "a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual, who exists to serve the nation." and as "an ultranationalist, authoritarian political philosophy. It combines elements of nationalism, militarism, economic self-sufficiency, and totalitarianism. It opposes communism, socialism, pluralism, individual rights and equality, and democratic government." [8] By fascists [ edit ] Benito Mussolini [ edit ]Is portrayed by George C. Scott in Mussolini: The Untold Story (1985), Rod Steiger in The Last 4 Days (1974), Antonio Banderas in Il giovane Mussolini (1993), Enzo G. Castellari in The Winds of War (1983) and Bob Hoskins in Mussolini and I (1985). Father of Edda Mussolini, Vittorio Mussolini, Bruno Mussolini, and Romano Mussolini. Romano married Sophia Loren's sister, Anna Maria Scicolone.